18 research outputs found
Distances from Surface Brightness Fluctuations
The practice of measuring galaxy distances from their spatial fluctuations in
surface brightness is now a decade old. While several past articles have
included some review material, this is the first intended as a comprehensive
review of the surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) method. The method is
conceptually quite simple, the basic idea being that nearby (but unresolved)
star clusters and galaxies appear "bumpy", while more distant ones appear
smooth. This is quantified via a measurement of the amplitude of the Poisson
fluctuations in the number of unresolved stars encompassed by a CCD pixel
(usually in an image of an elliptical galaxy). Here, we describe the technical
details and difficulties involved in making SBF measurements, discuss
theoretical and empirical calibrations of the method, and review the numerous
applications of the method from the ground and space, in the optical and
near-infrared. We include discussions of stellar population effects and the
"universality" of the SBF standard candle. A final section considers the future
of the method.Comment: Invited review article to appear in: `Post-Hipparcos Cosmic Candles',
A. Heck & F. Caputo (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, in press. 22
pages, including 3 postscript figures; uses Kluwer's crckapb.sty LaTex macro
file, enclose
The Distances of the Magellanic Clouds
The present status of our knowledge of the distances to the Magellanic Clouds
is evaluated from a post-Hipparcos perspective. After a brief summary of the
effects of structure, reddening, age and metallicity, the primary distance
indicators for the Large Magellanic Cloud are reviewed: The SN 1987A ring,
Cepheids, RR Lyraes, Mira variables, and Eclipsing Binaries. Distances derived
via these methods are weighted and combined to produce final "best" estimates
for the Magellanic Clouds distance moduli.Comment: Invited review article to appear in ``Post Hipparcos Cosmic
Candles'', F. Caputo & A. Heck (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, in
pres
Why is M87 jet one sided in appearance?
The jet in M87 is one sided and knotty. The question of whether the one sidedness is due to relativistic beaming or to intrinsic one sidedness has not yet been resolved. Recently, the knots have been observed in detail at the Very Large Array (VLA) 1; knot A is observed to consist of a thin disk, apparently a shock that is perpendicular to the jet axis and viewed edge-on, where the radio brightness profile has a very sharp gradient, and also of a trail downstream of the disk, that is pointing away from the nucleus. We discuss here the geometric implications of these observations, in particular the sharp edge facing the nucleus. We discuss models that represent the extremes in the apparent motion of the shock, and argue that proper motion measurements of the knot's inner edge would discriminate between them
Determination of the Hubble Constant from Observations of Cepheid Variables in the Galaxy M96
New Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheid variable stars in the
nearby galaxy M96 give a distance to the host galaxy group, Leo-I, of
11.6+/-0.8 Mpc. This value, used in conjunction with several reliable secondary
indicators of relative distance, constrains the distances to more remote galaxy
clusters, and yields a value of the Hubble constant (Ho=69+/-8 km/s/Mpc) that
is independent of the velocity of the Leo-I group itself.Comment: uuencoded compressed postscript. The preprint is also available at
http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/preprint/PrePrint.htm
Planetary Mapping: A historical overview
The development of the methods of visualization, control, and content of planetary maps goes in parallel with terrestrial ones. Both reflect technological, scientific, sociopolitical, and graphic design changes. However, while terrestrial maps are ubiquitous and show abstract or iconic representations of the Earth features, planetary surfaces are much more frequently represented with uninterpreted images, despite the wealth of planetary spatial data. In this paper, we highlight the key maps and map series made before the space age and the new cartographic methods introduced in the early 1960s when rectified, geologic and airbrush maps,
and space-borne planetary photography, revolutionized the way we can look at planetary surfaces. This chapter also highlights the most recent novel approaches in planetary cartography