NEW RESULTS ON DELIAS FROM THE CENTRAL YOUNTAIN RANGE OF IRIAN JAY A (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)

Five new species and four new subspecies of Delias are described fromthe central mountain ranges of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. D. luctuosa gottsisubsp. n. and D. callista callipulchra subsp. n. from Tembagapura (13708' E.), the south side of the Puncak Jaya, former Carstensz Peak, D.pseudomarguerita sp. n. from Homeyo (136053' E.), D. virgo sp. n.,D.neeltje sp. n. and D. phippsi mulia subsp. n. from the middle ranges(137030'-13SoE.), D. hemianops sp. n. from Abmisibil in the StarMountains (1410 E)., D. langda langda sp. n. from langda (1400 E.) andD. langda watlangku subsp. n. from the northeastern side of the BaliemValley (1390 E.)

Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada

Genetic diversity, in both wild and domestic species, is a limited resource worth preserving for future generations (Oldfield 1984; Alderson 1990; FAO 1992; NRC 1993; Bixby et al. 1994). While many strong advocates promote the conservation of wild species, fewer are aware of the increasing loss of biodiversity in our major food species, particularly among domestic birds. Fortunately, breed conservation organizations have already made some progress in encouraging hobbyists and small-scale farmers in their role as conservators of unique and historically important breeds (Bixby et al. 1994), particularly the less common chicken and turkey breeds (Crawford and Christman 1992). These two species are considered more at-risk than most other livestock species (e.g., cow, pig, sheep, goat, or horse) due to recent and extraordinarily rapid expansion of the commercial poultry industry

Age-Related Impairment of Ultrasonic Vocalization in Tau.P301L Mice: Possible Implication for Progressive Language Disorders

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's Disease, are the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people and cause various cognitive, behavioural and motor defects, but also progressive language disorders. For communication and social interactions, mice produce ultrasonic vocalization (USV) via expiratory airflow through the larynx. We examined USV of Tau.P301L mice, a mouse model for tauopathy expressing human mutant tau protein and developing cognitive, motor and upper airway defects.At age 4-5 months, Tau.P301L mice had normal USV, normal expiratory airflow and no brainstem tauopathy. At age 8-10 months, Tau.P301L mice presented impaired USV, reduced expiratory airflow and severe tauopathy in the periaqueductal gray, Kolliker-Fuse and retroambiguus nuclei. Tauopathy in these nuclei that control upper airway function and vocalization correlates well with the USV impairment of old Tau.P301L mice.In a mouse model for tauopathy, we report for the first time an age-related impairment of USV that correlates with tauopathy in midbrain and brainstem areas controlling vocalization. The vocalization disorder of old Tau.P301L mice could be, at least in part, reminiscent of language disorders of elderly suffering tauopathy

Missed Fog: Understanding the Growth of Fog from the Ground Up

Conventional in situ observations of visibility and other meteorological variables are restricted to a limited number of heights near the surface, with the lowest observation often made above 1 m. This can result in missed observations of shallow fog as well as the initial growth stage of thicker fog layers. At the same time, numerical experiments have demonstrated the need for high vertical grid resolution in the near-surface layer to accurately simulate the onset of fog; this requires correspondingly high-resolution observational data for validation. In November 2017, a field experiment was conducted at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands with the aim of observing the growth of shallow fog from the ground up, assessing the applicability of emerging high-resolution methods for observing shallow fog. Two innovative, high-resolution techniques were employed: distributed temperature sensing (DTS), providing temperature and relative humidity observations at vertical resolutions as fine as 1 cm, and a novel camera-LED method to observe near-surface visibility below the conventional sensor height of 2.0 m. These observations were supplemented by the existing observations at the site, including those along a 200-m tall tower. Comparison between the high-resolution observations and their conventional counterparts shows the errors to be small, giving confidence to the reliability of the techniques. The high resolution of the observations subse- quently allows for detailed investigations of near surface processes. The growth of fog layers from the ground up was observed with very strong temperature inversions in the lowest metre (up to 5 K), and corresponding region of (super)saturation where the fog formed and grew. Throughout the two-week observation period, fog was observed twice at the conventional sensor height of 2.0 m, but up to four times in the lowest 0-0.5 m using the camera estimates, with the shallow fog also forming up to two hours before it was observed by the conventional sensor. The observations are supplemented by high-resolution numerical simulations of the experimental period, highlighting the sensitivity of the fog layer to surface properties and ambient conditions, providing greater insight into what drives the growth of a very shallow fog layer (i.e. < 1 m) into a deeper, and therefore more dangerous, layer.Atmospheric Remote SensingWater Resource

Missed Fog?: On the Potential of Obtaining Observations at Increased Resolution During Shallow Fog Events

Conventional in situ observations of meteorological variables are restricted to a limited number of levels near the surface, with the lowest observation often made around 1-m height. This can result in missed observations of both shallow fog, and the initial growth stage of thicker fog layers. At the same time, numerical experiments have demonstrated the need for high vertical grid resolution in the near-surface layer to accurately simulate the onset of fog; this requires correspondingly high-resolution observational data for validation. A two-week field campaign was conducted in November 2017 at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands. The aim was to observe the growth of shallow fog layers and assess the possibility of obtaining very high-resolution observations near the surface during fog events. Temperature and relative humidity were measured at centimetre resolution in the lowest 7 m using distributed temperature sensing. Further, a novel approach was employed to estimate visibility in the lowest 2.5 m using a camera and an extended light source. These observations were supplemented by the existing conventional sensors at the site, including those along a 200-m tall tower. Comparison between the increased-resolution observations and their conventional counterparts show the errors to be small, giving confidence in the reliability of the techniques. The increased resolution of the observations subsequently allows for detailed investigations of fog growth and evolution. This includes the observation of large temperature inversions in the lowest metre (up to 5 K) and corresponding regions of (super)saturation where the fog formed. Throughout the two-week observation period, fog was observed twice at the conventional sensor height of 2.0 m. Two additional low-visibility events were observed in the lowest 0–0.5 m using the camera-based observations, but were missed by the conventional sensors. The camera observations also showed the growth of shallow radiation fog, forming in the lowest 0.5 m as early as two hours before it was observed at the conventional height of 2 m.Atmospheric Remote SensingWater Resource

Control of VSG gene expression sites in Trypanosoma brucei

Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes continues to be one of the most elaborate and intriguing strategies ever devised by a protozoan parasite to avoid complete destruction by the immune defense of its mammalian host. Here we review some of the recent advances in our understanding of this strategy, concentrating on (unpublished) work from our laboratory. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V

Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada

Genetic diversity, in both wild and domestic species, is a limited resource worth preserving for future generations (Oldfield 1984; Alderson 1990; FAO 1992; NRC 1993; Bixby et al. 1994). While many strong advocates promote the conservation of wild species, fewer are aware of the increasing loss of biodiversity in our major food species, particularly among domestic birds. Fortunately, breed conservation organizations have already made some progress in encouraging hobbyists and small-scale farmers in their role as conservators of unique and historically important breeds (Bixby et al. 1994), particularly the less common chicken and turkey breeds (Crawford and Christman 1992). These two species are considered more at-risk than most other livestock species (e.g., cow, pig, sheep, goat, or horse) due to recent and extraordinarily rapid expansion of the commercial poultry industry.This report is published as Pisenti, Jacqueline M., Mary E. Delany, Robert L. Taylor Jr., Ursula K. Abbott, Hans Abplanalp, James A. Arthur, Murray R. Bakst, Colin Baxter-Jones, James J. Bitgood, Francine A. Bradley, Kimberly M. Cheng, Rodney R. Dietert, Jerry B. Dodgson, Ann M. Donoghue, Alan B. Emsley, Robert J. Etches, Richard R. Frahm, Roger J. Gerrits, Paul F. Goetinck, Allan A. Grunder, David E. Harry, Susan J. Lamont, Gail R. Martin, Patrick E. McGuire, Gary P. Moberg, Louis J. Pierro, Calvin O. Qualset, Muquarrab A. Qureshi, Fred T. Shultz, and Barry W. Wilson. Avian Genetic Resources at Risk: An Assessment and Proposal for Conservation of Genetic Stocks in the USA and Canada. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Davis, CA. Report No. 20 (1999).</p