5 research outputs found
The Opportunistic Pathogen Propionibacterium acnes: Insights into Typing, Human Disease, Clonal Diversification and CAMP Factor Evolution
We previously described a Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme based on eight genes that facilitates population
genetic and evolutionary analysis of P. acnes. While MLST is a portable method for unambiguous typing of bacteria, it is
expensive and labour intensive. Against this background, we now describe a refined version of this scheme based on two
housekeeping (aroE; guaA) and two putative virulence (tly; camp2) genes (MLST4) that correctly predicted the phylogroup
(IA1, IA2, IB, IC, II, III), clonal complex (CC) and sequence type (ST) (novel or described) status for 91% isolates (n = 372) via
cross-referencing of the four gene allelic profiles to the full eight gene versions available in the MLST database (http://
pubmlst.org/pacnes/). Even in the small number of cases where specific STs were not completely resolved, the MLST4
method still correctly determined phylogroup and CC membership. Examination of nucleotide changes within all the MLST
loci provides evidence that point mutations generate new alleles approximately 1.5 times as frequently as recombination;
although the latter still plays an important role in the bacteriumâs evolution. The secreted/cell-associated âvirulenceâ factors
tly and camp2 show no clear evidence of episodic or pervasive positive selection and have diversified at a rate similar to
housekeeping loci. The co-evolution of these genes with the core genome might also indicate a role in commensal/normal
existence constraining their diversity and preventing their loss from the P. acnes population. The possibility that members of
the expanded CAMP factor protein family, including camp2, may have been lost from other propionibacteria, but not P.
acnes, would further argue for a possible role in niche/host adaption leading to their retention within the genome. These
evolutionary insights may prove important for discussions surrounding camp2 as an immunotherapy target for acne, and
the effect such treatments may have on commensal lineages
Spontaneous Regression of a Primary Cerebral Tumor Following Vasospasm Caused by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Due to Rupture of an Intracranial Aneurysm-Case Report-
Relationship between annular tear and presence of Propionibacterium acnes in lumbar intervertebral disc
Bone graft substitutes in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion is a common surgical procedure for patients suffering pain and/or neurological deficits and unresponsive to conservative management. For decades, autologous bone grafted from the iliac crest has been used as a substrate for cervical arthrodesis. However patient dissatisfaction with donor site morbidity has led to the search for alternative techniques. We present a literature review examining the progress of available grafting options as assessed in human clinical trials, considering allograft-based, synthetic, factor- and cell-based technologies