Recovery of nitrogen fixation after short-term flooding of the nodulated root system of soybean

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Nitrogen fixation of terrestrial legumes is strongly and rapidly diminished under flooding. Although recovery is possible with the formation of aerenchyma, information is scarce regarding recovery after draining following-short-term flooding, before the appearance of morphological adaptations. This study used soybean (Glycine max) plants nodulated with Bradyrhizobium elkanii to determine xylem sap glutamine as an indication of nitrogen fixation activity during recovery from different periods of flooding. Xylem glutamine levels showed rapid recovery (within 90 min) following periods of flooding up to 4 h. Recovery was progressively slower after longer periods of flooding. After 48 h flooding very little recovery could be observed within the first 120 min after draining but recovery was possible within 48 h. Consistent with the changes in xylem glutamine, direct measurements of apparent nitrogenase activity carried out immediately on draining revealed rapid recovery after flooding for 1 h and slow recovery following 48 h of flooding. In the latter case, nitrogenase activity largely recovered 24 h after draining. Experiments with N-15(2) incorporation into amino acids exported in the xylem sap revealed that glutamine was by far the most highly labelled amino acid in sap collected over the first 30 min of exposure to the isotope. This is conclusive evidence that xylem sap glutamine is an immediate product of N-2 fixation and export. The changes in xylem sap glutamine seen on flooding (decline) and after draining (recovery) can therefore be attributed to changes in nitrogenase activity. The data show that xylem sap glutamine is a useful means for assessing changes in nitrogenase activity, especially when the root system is submersed in water and activity cannot be measured directly. (C) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.1703235241Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Valor da ressonância magnética no planejamento radioterápico dos tumores de colo de útero: resultados preliminares Value of magnetic resonance imaging in the radiotherapy planning of tumours of the uterine cervix: preliminary results

OBJETIVO: Verificar o índice de erros geográficos no planejamento radioterápico convencional de pacientes com carcinoma de colo uterino por meio da ressonância magnética. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trinta e duas pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma espinocelular de colo uterino, com indicação de radioterapia, foram analisadas. Foi realizada ressonância magnética da pelve, sendo essas imagens comparadas aos campos clássicos de radioterapia, técnica de quatro campos em "tijolo". Considerou-se erro geográfico quando o volume alvo não foi englobado pelos campos, com margens mínimas de 1 cm. RESULTADOS: Em 24 pacientes (75%) foi detectada possibilidade de erro geográfico se fossem utilizados os campos convencionais. Em todos os casos o erro foi à custa dos limites anterior (46%) ou posterior (40%) dos campos laterais. CONCLUSÃO: A ressonância magnética evidenciou chance elevada de erro geográfico no planejamento radioterápico convencional na população analisada, tanto nas pacientes com doença em estádios iniciais quanto avançados.<br>OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of geographic miss on conventional radiotherapy planning of patients with cervical cancer, using magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were studied. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis was performed after clinical staging. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were compared with the classic fields described for the "box" technique. Target volume within less than 1 cm margins of the fields' limits was considered as geographic miss. RESULTS: Classical radiation field limits were inadequate in 24 cases (75%), all in the anterior (46%) or posterior (40%) border of the lateral fields. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance detected a high probability of geographic miss on conventional radiotherapy planning in this population, both in initial and advanced stages of the disease