A Model of Animal Spirits via Sentiment Spreading

In order to incorporate animal spirits in a scientifically rigorous inquiry about the causes of aggregate business cycles, one needs to explore the foundations of human behavior, namely concerning the process through which sentiment switching occurs. Which factors drive human sentiments? In what conditions a pessimistic individual becomes an optimist, or the other way around? Is it possible to justify persistent waves of optimism and pessimism under reasonable assumptions concerning social behavior? This article proposes a framework to address the posed questions. The setup is based on rumor propagation theory and it explains how social interaction may lead individuals to change from one sentiment state to the other, eventually triggering a rotation between periods of dominant optimism and periods of dominant pessimism.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Multicenter study about severity scales of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concordância entre distintas escalas para grau de comprometimento em disfagia orofaríngea neurogênica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo clínico transversal. Participaram 200 indivíduos com disfagia orofaríngea neurogênica, 108 do gênero masculino e 92 do gênero feminino, com idades de 3 meses a 91 anos. Foram aplicadas quatro escalas para classificar o grau de comprometimento da disfagia orofaríngea, sendo duas escalas clínicas e duas videofluoroscópicas. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas para verificar a concordância entre as escalas clínicas e objetivas. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram concordância muito boa entre as escalas clínicas estudadas (Kappa=0,92) e concordância moderada entre as escalas objetivas (Kappa=0,52). CONCLUSÃO: Embora a concordância entre as escalas clínicas tenha sido muito boa e entre as escalas objetivas tenha sido moderada, ainda é necessária ampla discussão e possível revisão dos parâmetros que definem o grau de comprometimento da disfagia orofaríngea em pacientes neurológicos

Adaptation of sea turtles to climate warming: Will phenological responses be sufficient to counteract changes in reproductive output?

© 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Sea turtles are vulnerable to climate change since their reproductive output is influenced by incubating temperatures, with warmer temperatures causing lower hatching success and increased feminization of embryos. Their ability to cope with projected increases in ambient temperatures will depend on their capacity to adapt to shifts in climatic regimes. Here, we assessed the extent to which phenological shifts could mitigate impacts from increases in ambient temperatures (from 1.5 to 3°C in air temperatures and from 1.4 to 2.3°C in sea surface temperatures by 2100 at our sites) on four species of sea turtles, under a “middle of the road” scenario (SSP2-4.5). Sand temperatures at sea turtle nesting sites are projected to increase from 0.58 to 4.17°C by 2100 and expected shifts in nesting of 26–43 days earlier will not be sufficient to maintain current incubation temperatures at 7 (29%) of our sites, hatching success rates at 10 (42%) of our sites, with current trends in hatchling sex ratio being able to be maintained at half of the sites. We also calculated the phenological shifts that would be required (both backward for an earlier shift in nesting and forward for a later shift) to keep up with present-day incubation temperatures, hatching success rates, and sex ratios. The required shifts backward in nesting for incubation temperatures ranged from −20 to −191 days, whereas the required shifts forward ranged from +54 to +180 days. However, for half of the sites, no matter the shift the median incubation temperature will always be warmer than the 75th percentile of current ranges. Given that phenological shifts will not be able to ameliorate predicted changes in temperature, hatching success and sex ratio at most sites, turtles may need to use other adaptive responses and/or there is the need to enhance sea turtle resilience to climate warming.Peer reviewe

Efeito do sabor azedo e da temperatura fria na fase oral da deglutição no acidente vascular encefálico

A dificuldade de deglutição é um déficit comum em pacientes após Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE). Estudos com esta população evidenciam atraso no início da resposta faríngea e um aumento do tempo de trânsito oral, quando comparada com indivíduos normais. Verificou-se que a redução destes tempos poderia reduzir o risco de penetração e/ou aspiração laringotraqueal e, consequentemente, diminuir o risco de complicações broncopulmonares. Portanto este estudo tem por objetivo verificar o efeito do sabor azedo e da temperatura fria no tempo de trânsito oral da deglutição, no tempo de resposta faríngea e no escape oral posterior. Participaram deste estudo 52 indivíduos após Acidente Vascular Encefálico isquêmico hemisférico, tanto com lesão à direita (D) como à esquerda (E), e disfagia orofaríngea de grau leve a moderado, sendo 28 do gênero masculino e 24 do gênero feminino, de 50 a 80 anos (66 anos). Para a análise dos tempos de deglutição foi realizada a videofluoroscopia da deglutição. Cada indivíduo foi avaliado durante a deglutição de bolo na consistência pastosa, oferecido em colher, com 5 ml cada, sendo ao todo 4 estímulos diferentes (natural, gelado, azedo e azedo-gelado). Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos conforme a seqüência dessa oferta: Grupo 1- estímulos oferecidos aleatoriamente (24 indivíduos), grupo 2 - estímulos oferecidos na seguinte ordem: natural, gelado, azedo e azedogelado (28 indivíduos). Após o exame, através de software específico, foram realizadas as medidas de deslocamento do bolo alimentar. Foram mensurados o tempo de trânsito oral (TTO), o tempo de trânsito oral total (TTOT), o tempo de início da resposta faríngea (IRF) e o escape posterior. Os resultados mostraram que a associação entre os estímulos azedo e gelado provocou mudanças significantes no TTOT e no TTO, no grupo de indivíduos...Dysphagia is a common deficit in patients after stroke. Comparing with normal subjects, studies in this population show both a delay in swallowing initiation and an increase in oral transit time. It is postulated that the remediation of, or reduction of these times could reduce the bronchopulmonary complications risk. Therefore, the goal of this study is to verify the effect of sour taste and cold temperature in the oral phase of swallow, swallow response time, and measure the position of the head of the bolus at the swallowing initiation (posterior oral spillage). Participated in these study 52 patients with hemisphere stroke, as with right lesion as with left lesion, with mild to moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia, being 28 males and 24 females, 50 to 80 years (median 66 years). The stroke ictus ranged from 1 to 30 days (median 6 days). All subjects were assessed by objective examination of swallowing. To measure the swallow times a videofluoroscopic exam was used. During the videofluoroscopic, 4 spoons were offered, with 5 milliliters each of thickened substance (natural, cold, sour and sour-cold). The subjects were divided in two specific groups according to the offering sequence: group 1 – random offer (24 subjects), group 2 – sequential offer: natural, cold, sour and sour-cold (28 subjects). The videofluoroscopic images were digitalized and the measurement of the time of displacement of the bolus in oral phase of swallowing was done by specific software. It was measured the oral transit time (OTT), the total oral transit time (TOTT), the swallow response time (SRT), and the posterior oral spillage. The results showed that, in subjects from group 2, the OTT as well as the TOTT of swallowing were significantly lower during swallowing of the bolus with sour-cold stimulus, than when other stimulus offered separately. Spite of the tendency of reduction in both initial swallow response... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Incidência de disfagia orofaríngea após acidente vascular encefálico em hospital público de referência

A doença vascular encefálica (AVE) é a principal causa de morte no Brasil. As seqüelas em indivíduos pós-acidente vascular encefálico incluem distúrbios motores, distúrbios de fala ou de linguagem e distúrbios de deglutição. A disfagia orofaríngea ocorre em cerca de 50% dos pacientes com AVE. Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a incidência da disfagia após AVE. Foram avaliados todos os pacientes que deram entrada em hospital universitário de referência no período de um ano, tão logo apresentassem condições para avaliação clínica, fonoaudiológica e neurológica (102 pacientes), com análise objetiva da deglutição (61 pacientes). Foi observada incidência de disfagia em 76,5% dos pacientes avaliados clinicamente, este percentual elevando-se a 91% com avaliação videofluoroscópica. A alta incidência de disfagia observada neste estudo que avaliou pacientes com amplo espectro de gravidade, em diferentes fases de recuperação, ressalta a importância de equipe multidisciplinar, incluindo fonoaudiólogos capacitados, para avaliar os distúrbios da deglutição nos diversos momentos de recuperação dos AVEs.Cerebrovascular disease is recognized as to be associated with the highest mortality rate in Brazil. Dysphagia, speech and language disturbances are common consequences of the high incidence of stroke. Dysphagia is known to occur in at least 50% of the patients with acute stroke. The study is designed to stablish the incidence of stroke in a reference hospital. One hundred and two consecutive patients admitted between January 2001 and January 2002 underwent a neurological examination with dysphagia specific analysis, performed by speech/dysphagia professionals as soon as they have clinical conditions. The localization of the lesions are determined by computer tomography or magnetic resonance image of the brain. Sixty one patients underwent videofluorscopic evaluation of swallowing. There was detected oropharyngeal dysphagia in 78 patients (76.5%) if the examination was limited to the clinical evaluation. Neverthless, if complemented by videofluorscopic evaluation, the incidence grows to 90%. The explanation for the high incidence observed in this study could be pointed to the fact that dysphagia was registered on different times of the convalescence period. The data reinforces the importance of repeated evaluations made by different professionals of the sttaff involved in acute stroke attendance

Adaptação para a língua Portuguesa e aplicação de protocolo de avaliação das disartrias de origem central em pacientes com Doença de Parkinson Adjustment to the Portuguese and application to patients with Parkinson's disease of protocol within central origin dysarthrias' assessment

OBJETIVO: traduzir e adaptar protocolo desenvolvido por pesquisadores alemães, adequando-o às características fonéticas e linguísticas do português falado no Brasil. Caracterizar os componentes de fala mais alterados na população com doença de Parkinson, comparando-os com grupo de sujeitos normais na mesma faixa etária. MÉTODOS: realizou-se a tradução e adaptação do protocolo. Posteriormente foram avaliados 21 pacientes com diagnóstico neurológico de Doença de Parkinson nos estágios Hoehn &Yarh, entre 2 e 3, e 10 sujeitos normais. O protocolo incluía avaliação da respiração, fonação, ressonância, articulação, prosódia e a análise acústica dos parâmetros vocais. RESULTADOS: o protocolo mostrou-se de fácil aplicação clínica. Nos sujeitos com doença de Parkinson foram observadas alterações predominantes na fonação (85,9%) e articulação (42,9%). CONCLUSÃO: o estudo demonstrou ser o protocolo uma ferramenta eficiente para a avaliação da disartria em pacientes com doença de Parkinson.<br>PURPOSE: to translate and adapt the protocol developed by German researchers, adjusting it to the phonetic and linguistic characteristics of Brazilian Portuguese. Observe the amended speech components in a group of patients with Parkinson's disease, and comparing them with normal subjects in the same age. METHOD: twenty one patients with neurological diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in the Hoehn & Yarh stages (2-3), and 10 control subjects were assessed. The protocol was translated, adjusted and applied to the subjects of both control and Parkinson's disease group, assessing the breathing, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody and acoustic analysis. RESULTS: in the dysarthria evaluation, the protocol showed to be simple and it presented a fast clinical application. In the subjects with Parkinson's disease, we observed alterations in both phonation (85.9%) and articulation (42.9%). CONCLUSION: the study demonstrated that the protocol is an efficient tool for dysarthria assessment in patients with Parkinson's disease