High genetic diversity of measles virus, World Health Organization European region, 2005-2006

During 2005-2006, nine measles virus (MV) genotypes were identified throughout the World Health Organization European Region. All major epidemics were associated with genotypes D4, D6, and B3. Other genotypes (B2, D5, D8, D9, G2, and H1) were only found in limited numbers of cases after importation from other continents. The genetic diversity of endemic D6 strains was low; genotypes C2 and D7, circulating in Europe until recent years, were no longer identified. The transmission chains of several indigenous MV strains may thus have been interrupted by enhanced vaccination. However, multiple importations from Africa and Asia and virus introduction into highly mobile and unvaccinated communities caused a massive spread of D4 and B3 strains throughout much of the region. Thus, despite the reduction of endemic MV circulation, importation of MV from other continents caused prolonged circulation and large outbreaks after their introduction into unvaccinated and highly mobile communities

Energetic particle influence on the Earth's atmosphere

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere

Forecasting Mexican inflation using neural networks

A study was conducted in Colima, México, with the objective to carry out a forage, energy and protein balance of a traditional dual purpose livestock production system based on corn stubble (Zea mays) and star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) during the dry season. This balance was carried out taking into consideration dry matter, energy, and protein requirements, production, availability and utilization, as well as their imports to the production system. The production system was energetically sustainable, providing 99% of the cattle requirements. Dry matter and protein production were insufficient, providing only 80 and 68% of the requirements, respectively. The producer was able to solve this deficit by importing local available feedstuff, such as ground corncob with molasses and sugarcane tops (Saccharum officinarum). It was apparent the need to introduce new technology and methods to improve this production system. " 2009 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas INIA.",,,,,,,,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/41570","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65249159653&partnerID=40&md5=62620150f306604cd8caf7ec580d7a18",,,,,,"4",,"Zootecnia Tropical",,,,"26",,"Scopus",,,,,,"Dry matter; Dry season; Energy; Protein; Sustainability; Tropic",,,,,,"Forage, energy and protein balance in a traditional dual purpose livestock production system in Mexico [Balance forrajero, energético y proteico de un sistema de producción tradicional de doble propósito en México]",,"Article" "43354","123456789/35008",,"Chavez-Hurtado, J.L., Department of Quantitative Methods, CUCEA, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; Cortes-Fregoso, J.H., Department of Quantitative Methods, CUCEA, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico",,"Chavez-Hurtado, J.L

Fonctionnement des systèmes agraires Etat de Colima, Mexique

National audienc

Cinética ruminal y crecimiento de cabritos suplementados con un probiótico de bacterias ácido-lácticas Ruminal kinetics and growth of kids supplemented with a lactic acid bacteria probiotic

Con el objetivo de evaluar la cinética ruminal y el crecimiento de cabritos suplementados con un probiótico de bacterias ácido-lácticas, se asignaron 86 animales Alpinos en un experimento durante 120 días. En el tratamiento uno (T1) 43 cabritos recibieron una dieta constituida por 50% de heno de alfalfa, 40% de concentrado comercial y 10% de alimento nitrogenado de lento consumo (DI). Los animales del tratamiento dos (T2) recibieron DI rociada diariamente con 50 mL de probiótico (BAL) por kilogramo de MS. Se determinó la desaparición de MS in situ, el consumo voluntario de MS, la degradación de la fibra, la concentración de NH3 y AGV, la digestibilidad in vivo, el pH ruminal, los derivados de purinas y la ganancia de peso. La ganancia de peso diaria fue de 129 y 169 g para T1 y T2, respectivamente (P<0,05). El NH3 y la digestibilidad del N y de la fibra fueron mayores para T2 (P<0,05). El tiempo medio de desaparición de la hemicelulosa fue mayor (P<0,05) en T2. Los conteos totales BAL fueron 1,6 y 2,5 millones de ufc/mL en T1 los días 1 y 7. Los cabritos del T2 presentaron 2,4 y 12,5 millones de ufc/mL. Se concluye que la adición de BAL a la dieta para cabritos en crecimiento puede incrementar la ganancia de peso vivo, así como se producen cambios favorables en la digestibilidad, la proteína microbiana y la cinética ruminal.<br>With the objective of evaluating the ruminal kinetics and growth of kids supplemented with a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) probiotic, 86 Alpine animals were assigned to a trial for 120 days. In treatment 1 (T1), 43 kids received a diet constituted by 50% alfalfa hay, 40% commercial concentrate and 10% slow intake nitrogen feed (ID). The animals in treatment two (T2) received ID daily sprayed with 50 mL probiotic (LAB) per kilogram of DM. In situ DM disappearance, voluntary DM intake, fiber degradation, NH3 and VFA concentration, in vivo digestibility, ruminal pH, purine derivatives and weight gain were determined. The daily weight gain was 129 and 169 g for T1 and T2, respectively (P<0,05). NH3 and N and fiber digestibility were higher for T2 (P<0,05). The half-time disappearance of hemicellulose was higher (P<0,05) for T2. The total LAB counts were 1,6 and 2,5 million fcu/mL in T1 on days 1 and 7. The kids in T2 showed 2,4 and 12,5 million fcu/mL. It is concluded that the addition of LAB to the diet for growing kids can increase live weight gain, as well as produce favorable changes in digestibility, microbial protein and ruminal kinetics