Corallivory in tubelip wrasses: diet, feeding and trophic importance

This paper describes a 2 month study of the patterns of abundance, feeding pressure, diet and feeding selectivity in corallivorous tubelip wrasses (Labridae), rarely studied, yet widespread and abundant group of corallivores on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. The relative abundance and feeding pressure of corallivorous wrasses and butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, were compared. Overall, tubelip wrasses were more than twice as abundant as corallivorous butterflyfishes and accounted for three times as many feeding bites on corals. The three most abundant tubelip wrasses (yellowtail tubelip Diproctacanthus xanthurus, Allen's tubelip Labropsis alleni and the tubelip wrasse Labrichthys unilineatus) were all obligate corallivores taking > 97% of bites from the surface of live corals. Labropsis alleni and D. xanthurus were highly selective, consuming preferred prey species in proportions significantly higher than expected given their availability. In contrast, L. unilineatus was fairly non-selective and consumed most corals in direct accordance with their availability. As coral predators, tubelip wrasses are highly comparable to coral-feeding butterflyfishes in the coral species consumed, range of dietary specialization and their reliance on live coral. Tubelip wrasses, however, may supersede butterflyfishes as the predominant corallivorous family in some Indo-Pacific locations, and coral-feeding tubelip wrasses are likely to be severely affected by coral decline

Roles of depth, current speed, and benthic cover in shaping gorgonian assemblages at the Palm Islands (Great Barrier Reef)

Gorgonians are a diverse and conspicuous component of coral reef ecosystems, providing habitat structure that supports unique assemblages of fishes and invertebrates. Evaluating their overall importance as ecological engineers requires an understanding of their spatial patterns of distribution, abundance and assemblage composition, and the biophysical factors that drive these patterns. No baseline data are available on the spatial patterns of distribution of gorgonians for the Great Barrier Reef. In this study, we quantified the abundance, genera richness, and composition of gorgonian assemblages using video surveys at three depths (5, 10, and 15 m) at 16 locations at the Palm Islands, an inshore island group in the central Great Barrier Reef. We compared gorgonian abundance and genera richness between depths and assessed the role of benthic habitat in structuring gorgonian communities. We also conducted a preliminary investigation of the potential role of water currents in driving gorgonian spatial patterns in the Palm Islands, using in situ current meters. Gorgonian abundance and genera richness consistently increased with depth, although the magnitude of the depth effect varied among locations. Abundance increased with increasing percent cover of rubble and conversely declined with increasing cover of hard corals. The composition of gorgonian assemblages also varied among depths, with whip (Junceella, Viminella) and fan (Acanthogorgia, Anthogorgia, Annella) growth forms being dominant at depths of 5 and 10 m, and branching (Dichotella, Icilogorgia) and candelabrum (Ctenocella) forms being dominant at 15 m. The shallow gorgonian assemblage was associated with high coral cover, whilst the deeper assemblage was associated with high per cent cover of rubble, turf and/or macroalgae. This study highlighted that the abundance, diversity, and composition of gorgonian assemblages on coral reefs in the Palm Islands are determined by a range of biophysical factors linked to depth. Further work is required to isolate the primary drivers of these depth-related effects and evaluate their relative importance

Assessing the ecological effects of management zoning on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Reef 2050 Integrated Monitoring and Reporting Program milestone report 2

[Extract] This RIMReP project builds upon a long-term monitoring program that assesses the ecological effects of management zoning on high-use and high-value inshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP). The monitoring program aims to track the status and condition of benthic (coral and algae) and fish communities and quantify the ecological effects of no-take marine reserves (green zones, NTRs). It is one of the few systematic long-term monitoring projects conducted on GBRMP reefs that specifically assesses temporal dynamics in reef communities and the ecological effects of zoning managemen

Tackling Systematic Errors in Quantum Logic Gates with Composite Rotations

We describe the use of composite rotations to combat systematic errors in single qubit quantum logic gates and discuss three families of composite rotations which can be used to correct off-resonance and pulse length errors. Although developed and described within the context of NMR quantum computing these sequences should be applicable to any implementation of quantum computation.Comment: 6 pages RevTex4 including 4 figures. Will submit to Phys. Rev.

Chapter 12: Vulnerability of fishes of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change

Climate change has already caused significant impacts to Earth’s ecosystems. Shifts in plant and animal biogeographic ranges, changes to population abundance, adjustments in the timing of seasonal activities and the establishment of invasive species have all been attributed to climate change. Most examples of biological impacts from climate change involve terrestrial species, however, similar effects have been observed in marine species, especially from temperate regions. The impact of climate change on coral reefs has also been widely considered, mostly with regard to coral bleaching and the degradation of coral communities. Much less attention has been given to the impact that climate change will have on other organisms that are associated with coral reefs. Fish are one of the most conspicuous and diverse components of tropical marine ecosystems, yet how they will be affected by climate change has not been comprehensively assessed.This is Chapter 12 of Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment. The entire book can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/11017/13

A comparison of data prefetching on an access decoupled and superscalar machine

In this paper we investigate the behavior of data prefetching on an access decoupled machine and a superscalar machine. We assess if there are benefits to using the decoupling paradigm given that an out-oforder (o-o-o) superscalar architecture could in principle prefetch to the same degree as an access decoupled machine. We have found that for large issue width the access decoupled machine can hide memory latency more effectively than a single instruction window o-o-o superscalar architecture. Our findings also demonstrate that an access decoupled machine offers the benefit of reducing the complexity of window issue logic. 1 Introduction The future of high performance microprocessor design is to provide improved performance by extracting higher degrees of instruction level parallelism. In superscalar architectures parallelism is exploited by reordering instructions within an instruction window and issuing multiple independent instructions per cycle. However as processor speeds increa..

One-Loop Matching of the Heavy-Light A_0 and V_0 Currents with NRQCD Heavy and Improved Naive Light Quarks

One-loop matching of heavy-light currents is carried out for a highly improved lattice action, including the effects of dimension 4 O(1/M) and O(a) operators. We use the NRQCD action for heavy quarks, the Asqtad improved naive action for light quarks, and the Symanzik improved glue action. As part of the matching procedure we also present results for the NRQCD self energy and for massless Asqtad quark wavefunction renormalization with improved glue.Comment: 25 pages, 3 eps-figure

Statistical analysis plan for the OPTIMUM study: optimising immunisation using mixed schedules, an adaptive randomised controlled trial of a mixed whole-cell/acellular pertussis vaccine schedule

Objective: The purpose of this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial is to compare allergic outcomes in children following vaccination with acellular pertussis (aP) antigen (standard of care in Australia) given at 2 months of age versus whole cell pertussis (wP) in the infant vaccine schedule. Participants: Up to 3000 Australian infants 6 to <12 weeks of age born ≥32 weeks gestation. Interventions: The intervention is a wP containing vaccine as the first scheduled pertussis vaccine dose instead of an aP containing vaccine. Outcomes: The primary outcome is a binary indicator of history of IgE-mediated food allergy at the age of 12 months confirmed, where necessary, with an oral food challenge before 18 months of age. Secondary outcomes include (1) history of parent-reported clinician-diagnosed new onset of atopic dermatitis by 6 or 12 months of age with a positive skin prick test to any allergen before 12 months of age, (2) geometric mean concentration in pertussis toxin-specific IgG before and 21 to 35 days after a booster dose of aP at 18 months of age, and (3) sensitisation to at least one allergen by 12 months of age. Results: Operating characteristics of trial decision rules were evaluated by trial simulation. The selected rules for success and futility approximately maintain type I error of 0.05 and achieved power 0.85 for a reduction in the primary outcome from 10% in the control group to 7% in the intervention group. Discussion: A detailed, prospective statistical analysis plan (SAP) is presented for this Bayesian adaptive design. The plan was written by the trial statistician and details the study design, pre-specified adaptive elements, decision thresholds, statistical methods, and the simulations used to evaluate the operating characteristics of the trial. Application of this SAP will minimise bias and supports transparent and reproducible research. Trial registration: Australia & New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000065392. Registered on 12 January 2017 Study protocol: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-04283

Quantum computation in a Ising spin chain taking into account second neighbor couplings

We consider the realization of a quantum computer in a chain of nuclear spins coupled by an Ising interaction. Quantum algorithms can be performed with the help of appropriate radio-frequency pulses. In addition to the standard nearest-neighbor Ising coupling, we also allow for a second neighbor coupling. It is shown, how to apply the 2\pi k method in this more general setting, where the additional coupling eventually allows to save a few pulses. We illustrate our results with two numerical simulations: the Shor prime factorization of the number 4 and the teleportation of a qubit along a chain of 3 qubits. In both cases, the optimal Rabi frequency (to suppress non-resonant effects) depends primarily on the strength of the second neighbor interaction.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figure

Chiral extrapolation of lattice data for B-meson decay constant

The B-meson decay constant fB has been calculated from unquenched lattice QCD in the unphysical region. For extrapolating the lattice data to the physical region, we propose a phenomenological functional form based on the effective chiral perturbation theory for heavy mesons, which respects both the heavy quark symmetry and the chiral symmetry, and the non-relativistic constituent quark model which is valid at large pion masses. The inclusion of pion loop corrections leads to nonanalytic contributions to fB when the pion mass is small. The finite-range regularization technique is employed for the resummation of higher order terms of the chiral expansion. We also take into account the finite volume effects in lattice simulations. The dependence on the parameters and other uncertainties in our model are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 3 Postscript figures, accepted for publication in EPJ