The volume and source of cyberabuse influences victim blame and perceptions of attractiveness

Cyberabuse is an escalating problem in society, as opportunities for abuse to occur in online public domains increase. Such acts are often defined by the frequency of abuse, and in many cases multiple individuals play a part in the abuse. Although consequences of such acts are often severe, there is typically little public sympathy/support for victims. To better understand perceptions of victims of abusive online acts, we manipulated the Volume (low, high) and Source (same-source, multi-source) of abusive posts in artificially-manipulated Facebook timelines of four fictitious ‘victims’. One hundred and sixty-four participants [United Kingdom-based; aged 18–59] rated ‘victims’ on measures of direct victim blame (DVB) and perceived social-, physical- and task-attractiveness. Results revealed significant Volume × Source interactions on DVB and social-attractiveness ratings. Few abusive posts authored by a single source yielded higher DVB and lower social-attractiveness ratings. Strong correlations between attractiveness and DVB were observed. We propose that our results could be due to an observer desensitization effect, or that participants interpreted the posts as indicative of friendly ‘teasing’ or ‘banter’ within an established social relationship, helping to explain why victims of online abuse often receive little sympathy or support

Interpersonal emotion regulation: a review of social and developmental components

A staple theme in clinical psychology, emotion regulation, or the ability to manage one's emotions, is directly linked with personal wellbeing and the ability to effectively navigate the social world. Until recently, this concept has been limited to a focus on intrapersonal processes, such as suppression. Less emphasis has been placed on developmental, social, and cultural aspects of emotion regulation. We argue here that as social beings, our engagement in emotion regulation may often occur interpersonally, with trusted others helping us to regulate our emotions. This review will highlight recent research on interpersonal emotion regulation processes.Dr Hofmann receives financial support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (as part of the Humboldt Prize), NIH/NCCIH (R01AT007257), NIH/NIMH (R01MH099021, U01MH108168), and the James S. McDonnell Foundation 21st Century Science Initiative in Understanding Human Cognition - Special Initiative. He receives compensation for his work as an advisor from the Palo Alto Health Sciences and for his work as a Subject Matter Expert from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and SilverCloud Health, Inc. He also receives royalties and payments for his editorial work from various publishers. (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; R01AT007257 - NIH/NCCIH; R01MH099021 - NIH/NIMH; U01MH108168 - NIH/NIMH; James S. McDonnell Foundation 21st Century Science Initiative in Understanding Human Cognition - Special Initiative)Accepted manuscrip

Elucidation of the functional role of oligopeptide transporters in bacterial virulence

Abstract only availableThe oligopeptide transporter (OPT) family is a relatively poorly characterized family of peptide/modified peptide transporters found in archebacteria, bacteria, fungi and plants. Plant and yeast OPTs were shown to transport tetra- and pentapeptides as well as the modified peptide glutathione. Our database analysis of sequenced bacterial genomes indicated that OPT proteins are encoded in the genomes of important human pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. However, functional analysis of this family of peptide transporters, especially their possible function in bacterial pathogenesis, is lacking. We obtained three P. aeruginosa strains harboring transposon insertions in the PA3934 locus, the gene predicted to encode the putative orthologous OPT protein (OptA) in P. aeruginosa PA01. Two of the optA mutant strains have in-frame fusion between PaOptA and the PhoA protein encoded within the transposon. Expression of OptA-PhoA is induced by the addition of 20 mM arginine, whereas the expression of OptA-PhoA is not affected by iron availability. The lack of iron-regulated expression of optA would indicate that it is unlikely involved in iron nutrition in P. aeruginosa. We also found that 20 mM arginine and 0.4% peptone enhanced biofilm formation by wild type PA01 strain. However, enhanced biofilm formation by arginine was not observed in the optA mutant strains. Addition of 20 mM lysine had no effect on biofilm formation. We also determined the possible function of OptA in the ability of P. aeruginosa to produce pyocyanin. We found that the optA mutant strains produced higher amounts of pyocyanin than the wild type strain. The presence or absence of arginine in the growth medium had no effect on pyocyanin production. Taken together, these results indicate that OptA is important for biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa in response to arginine and peptides, but is unlikely involved in pyocyanin production.NSF grant to G. Stace

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in the oligopeptide transporter OPT3

Abstract only availableThe transport of peptides across membranes is a phenomenon found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a method of obtaining amino acids, nitrogen, and carbon. Peptides can be transported by ATP-dependent transporters, as well as proton-coupled transporters. Among the latter are members of the oligopeptide transport (OPT) family, which transport tetra- and pentapeptides. Sequence comparisons led to the identification of nine OPT genes in Arabidopsis and our laboratory is investigating the role of these transporters in plant growth and development. Previous studies showed that mutations in the OPT3 gene resulted in embryo lethality. More recently, OPT3 expression was shown to increase under conditions of iron limitation, suggesting a possible role for OPT3 in transporting iron-chelates. The lethal nature of OPT3 T-DNA insertion mutation makes them difficult to study in a homozygous condition. Therefore, we sought non-lethal mutations within the OPT3 gene sequence, which can be maintained as homozygous plants. To create such mutations, we used the process of Targeted Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) to identify non-lethal, point mutations in the OPT3 gene. Eight mutant alleles, opt3-1 to opt3-8, were identified by TILLING. These mutants were sequenced and aligned with the other members of the OPT family to determine whether the mutations occurred within conserved regions of the protein. The mutations opt3-5 (P628S) and opt3-8 (P547L) were the first homozygous mutants identified which occurred within a highly conserved region and, therefore, were the likely candidates to disturb OPT3 function. These mutations were followed in segregating populations by CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) markers. Homozygous mutant lines and wild-type controls were grown on medium containing limited, moderate, or excess iron. The iron effects on the plant were determined by assaying the chlorophyll content in whole plants. These assays revealed no measurable effect of the OPT3 mutations on chlorophyll content under the conditions tested. We are now examining other opt3 alleles for a role in iron transport and other possible phenotypes displayed during plant growth and development.MU Monsanto Undergraduate Research Fellowshi

A Bioeconomic Analysis of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Lobster Fishery

Several surplus production-based bioeconomic models are applied to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) commercial lobster fishery. The model which best explains the biological dynamics of the fishery is a modification of the Fox model developed by the authors. Economic costs are applied within a number of conceptual frameworks to develop the first integrated bioeconomic model of the fishery. In another development, the opportunity cost of labor based on crew share at the open access equilibrium level of fishing effort is used instead of proxy wage levels. Given the costs incurred, the fishery appears to be self-regulating in terms of long-term fishing effort for maximum sustainable yield.biological production models, fisheries economics, fisheries management, spiny lobster, slipper lobster, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Kravchuk Polynomials and Induced/Reduced Operators on Clifford Algebras

Kravchuk polynomials arise as orthogonal polynomials with respect to the binomial distribution and have numerous applications in harmonic analysis, statistics, coding theory, and quantum probability. The relationship between Kravchuk polynomials and Clifford algebras is multifaceted. In this paper, Kravchuk polynomials are discovered as traces of conjugation operators in Clifford algebras, and appear in Clifford Berezin integrals of Clifford polynomials. Regarding Kravchuk matrices as linear operators on a vector space V, the action induced on the Clifford algebra over V is equivalent to blade conjugation, i.e., reflections across sets of orthogonal hyperplanes. Such operators also have a natural interpretation in terms of raising and lowering operators on the algebra. On the other hand, beginning with particular linear operators on the Clifford algebra ClQ(V), one obtains Kravchuk matrices as operators on the paravector space V* through a process of operator grade-reduction. Symmetric Kravchuk matrices are recovered as representations of grade-reductions of maps induced by negative-definite quadratic forms on V

OPT3 is a component of the iron-signaling network between leaves and roots and misregulation of OPT3 leads to an over-accumulation of cadmium in seeds.

Plants and seeds are the main dietary sources of zinc, iron, manganese, and copper, but are also the main entry point for toxic elements such as cadmium into the food chain. We report here that an Arabidopsis oligopeptide transporter mutant, opt3-2, over-accumulates cadmium (Cd) in seeds and roots but, unexpectedly, under-accumulates Cd in leaves. The cadmium distribution in opt3-2 differs from iron, zinc, and manganese, suggesting a metal-specific mechanism for metal partitioning within the plant. The opt3-2 mutant constitutively up-regulates the Fe/Zn/Cd transporter IRT1 and FRO2 in roots, indicative of an iron-deficiency response. No genetic mutants that impair the shoot-to-root signaling of iron status in leaves have been identified. Interestingly, shoot-specific expression of OPT3 rescues the Cd sensitivity and complements the aberrant expression of IRT1 in opt3-2 roots, suggesting that OPT3 is required to relay the iron status from leaves to roots. OPT3 expression was found in the vasculature with preferential expression in the phloem at the plasma membrane. Using radioisotope experiments, we found that mobilization of Fe from leaves is severely affected in opt3-2, suggesting that Fe mobilization out of leaves is required for proper trace-metal homeostasis. When expressed in yeast, OPT3 does not localize to the plasma membrane, precluding the identification of the OPT3 substrate. Our in planta results show that OPT3 is important for leaf phloem-loading of iron and plays a key role regulating Fe, Zn, and Cd distribution within the plant. Furthermore, ferric chelate reductase activity analyses provide evidence that iron is not the sole signal transferred from leaves to roots in leaf iron status signaling

Detection of subthreshold pulses in neurons with channel noise

Neurons are subject to various kinds of noise. In addition to synaptic noise, the stochastic opening and closing of ion channels represents an intrinsic source of noise that affects the signal processing properties of the neuron. In this paper, we studied the response of a stochastic Hodgkin-Huxley neuron to transient input subthreshold pulses. It was found that the average response time decreases but variance increases as the amplitude of channel noise increases. In the case of single pulse detection, we show that channel noise enables one neuron to detect the subthreshold signals and an optimal membrane area (or channel noise intensity) exists for a single neuron to achieve optimal performance. However, the detection ability of a single neuron is limited by large errors. Here, we test a simple neuronal network that can enhance the pulse detecting abilities of neurons and find dozens of neurons can perfectly detect subthreshold pulses. The phenomenon of intrinsic stochastic resonance is also found both at the level of single neurons and at the level of networks. At the network level, the detection ability of networks can be optimized for the number of neurons comprising the network.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure