Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors among Sudanese Women with Breast Cancer: Immunohistochemical Study

Study design: This is a descriptive study to detect the level of Estrogen (ER) and Progesterone (PR) receptors in a sample of biopsies from Sudanese women with breast cancer presented at Khartoum teaching Hospital Material and Methods: Forty biopsies from breast cancer patients were examined with immunostaining using anti-sera to ER and PR as markers to detect receptors. Results: All the specimens showed the typical histopathologic features of breast cancer. Immunoreactivity testing revealed positive ER in thirty-six patients (90%) and positive PR in thirty-one patients (77.5%). Of the 36 ER positive samples, staining intensity was: strong in 20 (55.5 %) moderate in 10 (27.7 %) and weak in 6 (16.7 %). Of the 31 PR positive samples, 15 (48.4 %) showed strong staining, 7 (22.5 %) moderate and 9 (29.0 %) weak staining Conclusion: the studied specimens showed high level of positive ER and PR receptors Sudan Joural of Medical Studies Vol. 2 (1) 2007: pp. 5-

Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun fault in China

International audienceThe seismic hazard associated with an individual fault can be assessed from the distributions of slip and recurrence times of earthquakes. However, seismic cycle models that aim to predict rupture lengths and fault displacements of successive earthquakes on one fault remain poorly validated. It is therefore unknown whether individual fault segments rupture independently, producing earthquakes with a diverse range of magnitudes and recurrence times, or slip by characteristic amounts, with characteristic magnitudes. Here we use high-resolution satellite data to document the horizontal offsets of stream channels and terraces created by strike-slip motion on the Fuyun fault, Xinjiang, China, during five historical earthquakes. We find that the Ms 7.9 11 August 1931 earthquake produced a surface rupture with a length of 160km, dispersed over three different fault segments. The 290 measured stream channel and terrace offsets record an average slip of 6.3m. We use the degree of preservation of geomorphological markers to assign relative ages to individual fault offsets and identify at least four distinct older earthquakes. We find that these older earthquakes also produced fault offsets with a similar distribution to the 1931 earthquake. As the slip distributions during five successive earthquakes were so similar, we conclude that ruptures on the Fuyun fault obey a characteristic slip model