Evaluación físico-química de aceite pigmentado obtenido de la cabeza de camarón

In this work the proximal analysis, physicochemical characterization, fatty acid profile and astaxanthin content of pigmented oil obtained by fermentation shrimp heads are presented. Lipids are the major components in the oil (95%). The saponification number is 178.62 mg KOH/g, iodine value 139.8 cg iodine/g, and the peroxide value was not detected. Density and viscosity were 0.92 mg/ml and 64 centipoises, respectively. The highest contents of fatty acids were linoleic (C18:2n6), oleic (C18:1n9) and palmitic (C16:0). Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3, DHA) account for 9% of the total. The content of astaxanthin was 2.72 mg/g dry weight. The pigmented oil is a dietary source of nutrients with high value such as astaxanthin.En este trabajo se presenta el análisis proximal, caracterización físico-química, perfil de ácidos grasos y contenido de astaxantina en aceite pigmentado aislado por fermentación láctica de los residuos de camarón. Los lípidos son los componentes mayoritarios (95%). El índice de saponificación es 178.62 mg KOH/g, el de yodo 139.8 cg yodo/g, y los peróxidos no fueron detectados. La densidad y la viscosidad fueron de 0.92 mg/ml y 64 centipoises, respectivamente. Los ácidos grasos en mayor cantidad fueron el linoleico (C18:2n6), oleico (C18:1n9) y palmítico (C16:0). El ácido eicosapentaenoico (C20:5n3, EPA) y el docosahexaenoico (C22:6n3, DHA) suman el 9% del total. El contenido promedio de astaxantina fue de 2.72 mg/g base seca. El aceite pigmentado es una fuente dietética de nutrientes con alto valor como la astaxantina

Postoperative recurrence of simple goiter and replacement therapy. Study of 210 patients

[No abstract available

Ultra-high Pressure LC Method to Determine Astaxanthin in Shrimp By-Products and Migration Evaluation from an Active Plastic Film Produced with Shrimp Waste to Fatty Food Simulants

Carotenoids have antioxidant properties allowing protection of tissues from oxidative damages and they are also beneficial in cardiovascular, immune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Astaxanthin (3,3’-dihydroxy-β-β´-carotene-4-4´-dione) is a carotenoid classified as xanthophyl and it is one of the major carotenoids in crustaceans. The project ‘Preparation of active packaging with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity based on astaxanthin and chitosan’ aims to develop a methodology for the incorporation of compounds obtained from shrimp waste in plastic matrices for the development of an active packaging with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In the frame of this project, shrimp by-products were fermented and the silage was centrifuged. Three fractions were obtained and the upper phase, corresponding to the lipid fraction, was further analysed to determine astaxanthin content. The aim of the present work was to optimize a method to determine astaxanthin as well as seven other carotenoids and two vitamins (A and E) by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography, UPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) method in shrimp by-products. The chromatographic separation is achieved using a vanguard pre-column (UPLCÒ BEH, 1.7 µm particle size) and a column (UPLCÒ BEH, 2.1 x 50 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) at 20 °C. The mobile phase is a gradient of A (dichoromethane/methanol with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile 5:20:75 (v/v)) and B (ultrapure water) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The optimized UPLC method allows excellent peaks separation. Shrimp by-products (lipid fraction of shrimp waste, head and shell of cooked and raw shrimp) have been analysed. Moreover, low density polyethylene plastic films produced by extrusion with different amount of the lipid fraction of shrimp waste were prepared and tested regarding migration into fatty food simulants. Migration tests were carried out with isooctane and ethanol 95% (v/v), both alternative fatty food simulants. No migration was detected at the conditions tested, which are conventionally considered the most severe when the food contact material is intended for use at room temperature.This work was funded under Project ‘Preparation of active packaging with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity based on astaxanthin and chitosan’ (PAPAAABAC, in Spanish PEACAABAQ) no. 95935 from FONCICYT C002-2008-1/ALA – 127 249

Active Packaging Produced by Extrusion with Shrimp Waste: Migration of Astaxanthin into Food Simulants

Introduction: Astaxanthin (3,3’-dihydroxy-β-β´-carotene-4-4´-dione), a potent antioxidant, is one of the major carotenoids in crustaceans. In the frame of the project ‘Preparation of active packaging with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity based on astaxanthin and chitosan’, a methodology for the incorporation of compounds obtained from shrimp waste in plastic matrices was developed to produce an active packaging with antioxidant properties. The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize a method to determine astaxanthin by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography in fermented shrimp waste. Moreover, the method was also applied to determine the migration of astaxanthin from plastic films containing different amounts of shrimp waste to food simulants. Material and Methods: The method was optimized to determine astaxanthin by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with diode array detection (DAD). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a vanguard pre-column (UPLCÒ BEH, 1.7 µm particle size) and a column (UPLCÒ BEH, 2.1 x 50 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) at 20 °C. The mobile phase was a gradient of A (dichloromethane/methanol with ammonium acetate/acetonitrile 5:20:75 (v/v)) and B (ultrapure water) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The optimized UPLC method allowed an excellent resolution of astaxanthin. The method was also evaluated in what concerns to validation parameters such as linearity, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and recovery. Low density polyethylene plastic films produced by extrusion with different amounts of the lipid fraction of shrimp waste were prepared and tested regarding migration into fatty food stimulants (isooctane and ethanol 95%, v/v). Results and conclusion: The proposed method to determine astaxanthin in shrimp waste is simple and has a low detection level (0.054 μg/mL). The concentration of astaxanthin found in the lipid fraction of fermented shrimp waste was 453.8 μg/g. The films produced by extrusion with the lipid fraction of the fermented shrimp waste did not originate astaxanthin migration into the tested fatty food simulants. Further studies could be made in order to evaluate the capacity of these films in protecting packed food from oxidation.This work was funded under the Project no. 95935 from FONCICYT C002-2008-1/ ALA – 127 249. The authors are grateful to the postdoctoral contract of Ana Sanches Silva in the frame of the Program “Science 2007” funded by “Fundação para a Ciência e para a Tecnologia”

Ultra-high pressure LC for astaxanthin determination in shrimp by-products and active food packaging

Nowadays, there is increasing interest in natural antioxidants from food by-products. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant and one of the major carotenoids in crustaceans and salmonids. An ultra-high pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of astaxanthin in shrimp by-products, and its migration from new packaging materials to food simulants was also studied. The method uses an UPLCW BEH guard-column (2.1 x 5 mm, 1.7mm particle size) and an UPLCW BEH analytical column (2.1 x 50 mm, 1.7mm particle size). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a programmed gradient mobile phase consisting of (A) acetonitrile–methanol (containing 0.05 M ammonium acetate)–dichloromethane (75:20:5, v/v/v) and (B) ultrapure water. This method was evaluated with respect to validation parameters such as linearity, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and recovery. Low-density polyethylene films were prepared with different amounts of the lipid fraction of fermented shrimp waste by extrusion, and migration was evaluated into food simulants (isooctane and ethanol 95%, v/v). Migration was not detected under the tested conditions.This work was funded under Project no. 95935 by FONCICYT C002-2008-1/ALA – 127 249. The authors are grateful for the postdoctoral contract of Ana Sanches Silva in the frame of the Program ‘Science 2007’, funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal

Migration of chitosan films prepared by solvent evaporation and extrusion

Introduction: Chitosan has multiple applications and as inhibitor of microbial growth, there is interest in developing new methodologies to its incorporation into plastics, which would avoid microbial growth in foods. In the frame of the project “Preparation of active packaging with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity based on astaxanthin and chitosan” (PAPAAABAC), chitosan was extracted from shrimp by-products and used to prepare plastic films by solvent evaporation (casting) and extrusion. Material and Methods: Chitosan films were prepared by extrusion of polyamide and by casting. By casting, films were prepared at different concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) by dissolving chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solution 1% (w/v), with and without plasticizer (1% glycerol). By extrusion, chitosan pellets were made of polyamide 6 at 2%, 5%, 6%, 8%, and 10% with two different particle sizes (180 and 300 µm). Then, they were rolled in an extruder using a specific screw for polyamide. In order to determine chitosan in food simulants (ultrapure water and ethanol 95% (v/v)), it was degraded into the glucosamine units by hydrolysis and quantified by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection after its derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. Results and conclusion: From the plastic films prepared by casting and by extrusion, only those prepared by casting without plasticizer presented chitosan migration that increases with the amount of chitosan added. These films could not be used to pack aqueous foodstuffs. However, the addition of a plasticizer (glycerol) has avoided the migration of chitosan. Therefore, the use of casting films with chitosan shall include a plasticizer in the formulation. Films prepared by extrusion presented no migration into both simulants indicating suitability to pack both aqueous and fatty foodstuffs.This work was funded under the Project no. 95935 from FONCICYT C002-2008-1/ ALA – 127 249. The authors are grateful to the postdoctoral contract of Ana Sanches Silva in the frame of the Program “Science 2007” funded by “Fundação para a Ciência e para a Tecnologia”

Astaxanthin from shrimp by-products for active packaging

This work was funded under Project no. 95935 by FONCICYT C002-2008-1/ALA – 127 249. The authors are grateful for the postdoctoral contract of Ana Sanches Silva in the frame of the Program ‘Science 2007’, funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal