445 research outputs found
Geometric complexity theory and matrix powering
Valiant's famous determinant versus permanent problem is the flagship problem in algebraic complexity theory. Mulmuley and Sohoni (Siam J Comput 2001, 2008) introduced geometric complexity theory, an approach to study this and related problems via algebraic geometry and representation theory. Their approach works by multiplying the permanent polynomial with a high power of a linear form (a process called padding) and then comparing the orbit closures of the determinant and the padded permanent. This padding was recently used heavily to show no-go results for the method of shifted partial derivatives (Efremenko, Landsberg, Schenck, Weyman, 2016) and for geometric complexity theory (Ikenmeyer Panova, FOCS 2016 and B\"urgisser, Ikenmeyer Panova, FOCS 2016). Following a classical homogenization result of Nisan (STOC 1991) we replace the determinant in geometric complexity theory with the trace of a variable matrix power. This gives an equivalent but much cleaner homogeneous formulation of geometric complexity theory in which the padding is removed. This radically changes the representation theoretic questions involved to prove complexity lower bounds. We prove that in this homogeneous formulation there are no orbit occurrence obstructions that prove even superlinear lower bounds on the complexity of the permanent. This is the first no-go result in geometric complexity theory that rules out superlinear lower bounds in some model. Interestingly---in contrast to the determinant---the trace of a variable matrix power is not uniquely determined by its stabilizer
ABO genetic system, sexually transmitted infections and androgen-associated dermatoses
In the middle of 20th century, it was proved that ABO genetic system was the result of play of selection, including the infectious mortality due to two deadly epidemic collisions in the antiquity and with the main scene being Asian societies. It was discovered that plague tended to kill blood group O while smallpox blood group A carriers. Onwards no link was sought between this evolutionary phenomenon and blood group-related sexually transmitted infections and recurrent androgen-associated dermatoses (such as pityriasis versicolor and acne vulgaris) as well as sexual and fertility activity. Here we Dance Round such possible links. We found that these are expressed more strongly by blood group B carriers, and an attempt at translation of some relationships into population (intercontinental) level. We emphasize the genesis of blood group-related population gene pool equilibrium level and its attributes such as complex defense responses and co-operated immune reactions.Biomedical Reviews 2011; 22: 77-80
The effect of multiple paternity on genetic diversity during and after colonisation
In metapopulations, genetic variation of local populations is influenced by
the genetic content of the founders, and of migrants following establishment.
We analyse the effect of multiple paternity on genetic diversity using a model
in which the highly promiscuous marine snail Littorina saxatilis expands from a
mainland to colonise initially empty islands of an archipelago. Migrant females
carry a large number of eggs fertilised by 1 - 10 mates. We quantify the
genetic diversity of the population in terms of its heterozygosity: initially
during the transient colonisation process, and at long times when the
population has reached an equilibrium state with migration. During
colonisation, multiple paternity increases the heterozygosity by 10 - 300 % in
comparison with the case of single paternity. The equilibrium state, by
contrast, is less strongly affected: multiple paternity gives rise to 10 - 50 %
higher heterozygosity compared with single paternity. Further we find that far
from the mainland, new mutations spreading from the mainland cause bursts of
high genetic diversity separated by long periods of low diversity. This effect
is boosted by multiple paternity. We conclude that multiple paternity
facilitates colonisation and maintenance of small populations, whether or not
this is the main cause for the evolution of extreme promiscuity in Littorina
saxatilis.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, electronic supplementary materia
Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡ Π²Β Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅: ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ
The modern digital economy requires βnew financeβ. The subject of the study is to clarify their content, and the goal is to develop the authorβs view of the term of βfinanceβ. The relevance of the topic is dictated by the need to analyze complex theoretical questions of technological transformation of financial markets and activities of financial intermediaries. The scientific novelty consists of the theoretical contribution of the theory of finance evolution in the digital era. The main research methods are systemic and logical approaches, the method of theoretical cognition, the historical method and the method of scientific abstraction. The results of the study are clarification the essence of finance and applied issues of their use in Russia and abroad. It will contribute to the development of a scientific doctrine of digital assets circulation; will allow to refine the model of the activities of financial intermediariesβ regulation in our country and lay the foundation for the formation of global norms and rules for the development of national and international financial markets of the CIS, the EAEU, the SCO, and BRICS countries. The conclusions of the study are: a) confirmation of the authorβs position on the essence of finance. The paper indicates that, in the context of the economyβs digital revolution, the substance of economic categories stays constant, although their forms vary according to innovation, behavioral characteristics, and other factors; b) without rejecting the rational knowledge formed in the Western scientific school, the authors emphasize that the social sciences cannot be global, they have a national character; c) based on the investigation, the author defines βfinanceβ as a distribution category in the development and utilization of financial resources.Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Β«Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β». ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ β ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡΒ». ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Ρ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²; ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΠΠΠ‘, Π¨ΠΠ‘, ΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: Π°) ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²; Π±) Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ; Π²) Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡΒ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ²
Chemical weathering of lower paleozoic black shales of south Sweden
Lower Paleozoic black shales are widespread in Sweden and form part of the Baltic paleobasin, which deposits are also known in Estonia and the Leningrad Oblast of Russia. These rocks are enriched in a carbon substance and characterized by the significant content of uranium, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and lead.
Black shales contain high levels of Sr β 968; Ba β 337; U β 229; V β 509; Mo β 165; Zn β 411; Ni β 214; Cu β 112 (ppm) in secondary minerals composition formed on their surface.
Retrograde diagenetic conditions facilitate the black shales chemical weathering. Elements of the first (U), second (Mo, Sr, Zn), and third (V) hazard classes are washed out of black shales and secondary minerals and can further enter biological cycles
MIGRATION FORMS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF THE EASTERN DESERT (EL SELA AREA, EGYPT)
In the Egypt's Eastern Desert intrusive rocks with U-REE mineralization (two-mica granites, microgranites, dolerites, and bostonites) are developed. We estimated the content of chemical elements in reference samples of intrusive rocks and also in their water-soluble (colloid-salt) fraction. This fraction is water-extracted from the rock under certain conditions. The rock sample and its colloid-salt fraction are analyzed using ICP-MS.
The chemical characteristic of the extracted fraction reflects the mobile migrating part of the chemical elements in the composition of the rocks. Comparison of the obtained data allows us to estimate the share of migrating and weakly migrating elements
A ROLE FOR CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN EARLY POSTPARTUM PERIOD
The functioning of the secretory organs is closely related to the activity of the immune system. As is well known, this participation is manifested in the fact that at certain stages of activity, the lymphoid cells migrating to the organ can be involved in the regulation of secretion. In addition, the products of the immune system and even its cellular elements can become components of a number of secrets. Colostrum and milk contain a large number of cells of a wide spectrum (up to 1/3 of the volume), of which the number of lymphocytes is up to 16% of leukocytes. Lymphocytes, in an immunologically active form, entering the newbornβs body with colostrum, activate the cellular immunity system. The transport of lymphokinin mediators plays a certain role in this process. Microphages, T- and B-lymphocytes, penetrating through the intercellular spaces into the lymphoid layer of the intestine, transmit immunoreceptors to the prolymphocytes of the newborn, "armed" with their activity to recognize genetically foreign ones. The lymphocytes contained in colostrum are the cells of the immune system that provide cellular and humoral immunity. They are mainly represented by T-cells, B-cells and killer cells. Milk T-cells produce a full spectrum of immune regulatory proteins such as interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha. These cells are the cells of the immune memory. Newborns who received the first portion of colostrum no later than an hour after birth are characterized by an increased number of leukocytes, more pronounced phagocytosis, which indicates the stimulation of hemo- and lymphocytosis. When carrying out transmission and scanning electron microscopy in the epithelial layer of the intestine, cellular elements were found that got there from the intestinal lumen. Microsections show how cells of a lymphoid nature, pushing apart the structures of the epithelial layer, bypass natural barriers and, at the same time, retain their physiological usefulness. The possibility of penetration of immunocompetent cells of the motherβs colostrum into the bloodstream of the young is proved using the natural label of the femaleβs cells β sex chromatin. Naturally, sex chromatin-labeled cells were sought in male newborns. The detection of colostrum cells in the intestinal wall and bloodstream of the young is approximately 25% in the blood, 1% in the lymph, and about 70% in the intestine. There is no doubt that the leukocytes of colostrum are of exceptional importance in creating immunity in newborn animals
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