A model for cell type-specific differential gene expression during heterocyst development and the constitution of aerobic nitrogen fixation ability in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

When deprived of combined nitrogen, aerobically-grown filaments ofAnabaena sp. strain PCC7120 differentiate specialized cells called the heterocysts. The differentiation process is an elaborate and well orchestrated programme involving sensing of environmental and developmental signals, commitment of cells to development, gene rearrangements, intricate DNA-protein interactions, and differential expression of several genes. It culminates in a physiological division of labour between heterocysts, which become the sole sites of aerobic nitrogen fixation, and vegetative cells, that provide photosynthate to the heterocysts in return for nitrogen supplies. We propose a model, to describe the chronology of the important events and to explain how cell type-specific differential gene expression is facilitated by DNA-protein interactions leading to the development of heterocysts and constitution of nitrogen-fixing apparatus in Anabaena

A New Technique to find the effect of Active Power Loading on Voltage Stability and Algorithm to improve Voltage Stability of Radial and Meshed Power Systems

This paper will analyze the impact of active power on voltage stability of radial and meshed systems and a new algorithm is proposed which would indicate the amount and location at which the active power is to be reduced to improve the voltage stability of entire power system or set of buses that are prone to voltage instability. A new sensitivity matrix named Active Power L-Index sensitivity matrix is been proposed. The proposed approach is simple and easy to be implemented into large power systems. The proposed approach has been applied to several Indian rural distribution networks and IEEE 14-bus test system which demonstrated applicability of the proposed approach. Index Terms- L-index matrix, Jacobian matrix, sensitivity, Active Power L-Index sensitivity matri

Integrated management of Ramularia blight (Ramularia foeniculi ) in fennel

Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia foeniculi Sybille’s a highly destructive fennel disease and may cause complete failure of the crop. The use of chemicals especially mancozeb to manage Ramularia blight increases the load of residues in seed and reduces the export and market price. Removal of lower yellow leaves would not only help in reducing the load of Ramularia pathogen but, also increase the aeration in fennel crop. To manage this disease, field trial was conducted for three consecutive kharif seasons (2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20) with agronomical practices i.e. removal of lower yellow leaves at different stages and different spraying schedules of chlorothalonil 75WP. Removal of lower yellow leaves at 50 % flowering stage and grain filling stage with two sprays of chlorothalonil 75WP @ 0.15% (20 g/ 10 lit. water) first spray at just appearance of disease and second spray at15 days after first spray was found effective not only in terms of management of disease (10.91 % disease incidence), yield (2078 kg/ha) and quality aspects but also reduced the load of fungicide on seed which promote the export. Thus, limited use (2 sprays) of chlorothalonil with the removal of lower yellow leaves helps to meet out the quality standards for export promotion with respect to residual limits in the said commodity

Recognizing Ancient South Indian Language Using Artificial Neural Network Associate With Opposition Based Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm

Abstract Recognizing signs and fonts of prehistoric language is a fairly difficult job that require special tools. This stipulation makes the dispensation period overriding, difficult, and tiresome to calculate. This paper presents a technique for recognizing ancient south Indian languages by applying Artificial Neural Network (ANN) associated with Opposition based Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm (OGWA). It identifies the prehistoric language, signs and fonts. It is apparent from the ANN system that arbitrarily produced weights or neurons linking various layers plays a significant role in its performance. For adaptively determining these weights, this paper applies various optimization algorithms such as Opposition based Grey Wolf Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization and Grey Wolf Optimization to the ANN system. Performance results have illustrated that the proposed ANN-OGWO technique achieves superior accuracy over the other techniques. In test case 1, the accuracy value of OGWO is 94.89% and in test case 2, the accuracy value of OGWO is 92.34%, on average, the accuracy of OGWO achieves 5.8% greater accuracy than ANN-GWO, 10.1% greater accuracy than ANN-PSO and 22.1% greater accuracy over conventional ANN technique.</jats:p

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF COLON TARGETED PELLETS OF BUMADIZONE CALCIUM

Aim: The aim of this study was to Formulation and Evaluation of colon targeted pellets of Bumadizone Calcium&#x0D; Objective: Bumadizone Calcium is an acetic acid derivative, having irritation in stomach. Bumadizone Calcium has short half-life (4hrs) and undergoes first pass metabolism. It is pH-dependent. This research work was carried out to improve the bioavailability, patient compliance on oral colon targeted drug delivery. Bumadizone Calcium sustained release enteric coated pellets were prepared, which minimize the release of drug in stomach for treatment of IBD formulated by Extrusion Spheronization process.&#x0D; Experimental work done: Enteric coated pellets prepared by Extrusion Spheronization technique. Eudragit S100, HPMC, PVP K30, and Ethyl Cellulose were used as rate controlling polymers. In this study, a pH dependent colon targeted enteric coated pellets was established using 32 full factorial design by giving enteric coating with Eudragit S100. Different Concentration of Eudragit S100 as an enteric coating material (4%, 5%, &amp; %6) and PVP K30 as a Binder (0.5%, 1% &amp; 1.5%) are taken for the measurements of % Drug Release that are performed by using USP dissolution 1 (Basket type) at 50 rpm. The test is performed with gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37±0.5 for first 2 hours &amp; then in phosphate buffer 6.8 for 4 hrs &amp; finally in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 6 hrs. The prepared formulations were evaluated for drug-excipient compatibility study, flow property, drug content, and coating process efficiency.&#x0D; Results and Discussion: Optimized batch shown that less than 0.50% of the drug released at the end of 2 hrs in pH 1.2, less than 20% of drug released after end of 4 hrs in pH 6.8 and more than 85% at the end of 12 hrs in pH 7.4.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bumadizone Calcium Enteric Coated pellets can be successfully formulated by addition of PVP K-30 as a binder and Eudragit S100 as Coating polymer. It was also concluded that prepared formulation minimizes drug release in stomach and avoid side effect of the drug.&#x0D; Keywords: Bumadizone calcium, Eudragit S100, Enteric coating, extrusion spheronization technique, 32 full factorial designs.</jats:p

Genetically Engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> Nissle 1917 Synbiotics Reduce Metabolic Effects Induced by Chronic Consumption of Dietary Fructose

<div><p>Aims</p><p>To assess protective efficacy of genetically modified <i>Escherichia coli</i> Nissle 1917 (<i>Ec</i>N) on metabolic effects induced by chronic consumption of dietary fructose.</p><p>Materials and Methods</p><p><i>Ec</i>N was genetically modified with fructose dehydrogenase (<i>fdh</i>) gene for conversion of fructose to 5-keto-D-fructose and mannitol-2-dehydrogenase (<i>mtl</i>K) gene for conversion to mannitol, a prebiotic. Charles foster rats weighing 150–200 g were fed with 20% fructose in drinking water for two months. Probiotic treatment of <i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq</i>), <i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq-glf-mtl</i>K), <i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq-fdh</i>) was given once per week 10⁹ cells for two months. Furthermore, blood and liver parameters for oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia were estimated. Fecal samples were collected to determine the production of short chain fatty acids and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) production.</p><p>Results</p><p><i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq-glf-mtl</i>K), <i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq-fdh</i>) transformants were confirmed by restriction digestion and functionality was checked by PQQ estimation and HPLC analysis. There was significant increase in body weight, serum glucose, liver injury markers, lipid profile in serum and liver, and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity in high-fructose-fed rats. However the rats treated with <i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq-glf-mtl</i>K) and <i>Ec</i>N (<i>pqq-fdh</i>) showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation along with increase in serum and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities. Restoration of liver injury marker enzymes was also seen. Increase in short chain fatty acids (SCFA) demonstrated the prebiotic effects of mannitol and gluconic acid.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of probiotic <i>Ec</i>N producing PQQ and fructose metabolizing enzymes against the fructose induced hepatic steatosis suggesting that its potential for use in treating fructose induced metabolic syndrome.</p></div