Prevalence and clinical presentation of HIV infection among newly hospitalised surgical patients at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Background: In Tanzania information is lacking on the prevalence of HIV infection in surgical patients in tertiary care facilities, in whom there are many points of special interest. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated clinical and demographic features among hospitalised surgical patients at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). Setting: Muhimbili National Hospital. Materials and Methods: Consecutive newly admitted patients were tested for HIV antibodies after pre-test counselling. Sera were tested using a dual ELISA algorithm. The data were analysed to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and relationships of serostatus with clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Of 1,534 patients admitted during the study, 1,031(67.2%) consented to HIV testing following pre-test counselling. The prevalence of AlDS-related clinical features in patients who declined to be HIV tested was similar to that of seronegative patients, but significantly lower than that of seropositive patients. The overall age-adjusted HIV prevalence was 10.5% (95% Cl=9.9-14.0). The highest age-specific HIV prevalence was in the age group 35-44 years at 27.9%. No one was infected in the age group 0-4 years (n=111). Differences in prevalence between age groups were statistically significant (

A Vision Based Lane Marking Detection, Tracking and Vehicle Detection on Highways

Changing street conditions is an important issue in the applications in mechanized route of vehicles essentially because of vast change in appearance in lane markings on by variables such substantial movement and changing daylight conditions of the specific time of day. A path identification framework is an imperative segment of numerous computerized vehicle frameworks. In this paper, we address these issues through lane identification and vehicle recognition calculation to manage testing situations, for example, a lane end and flow, old lane markings, and path changes. Left and right lane limits will be distinguished independently to adequately handle blending and part paths utilizing a strong calculation. Vehicle discovery is another issue in computerized route of vehicles. Different vehicle discovery approaches have been actualized yet it is hard to locate a quick and trusty calculation for applications, for example, for vehicle crashing (hitting) cautioning or path evolving system .Vision-based vehicle recognition can likewise enhance the crash cautioning execution when it is consolidated with a lane marking identification calculation. In crash cautioning applications, it is vital to know whether the obstruction is in the same path with the sense of self vehicle or not

Governance factors that affect the implementation of health financing reforms in Tanzania: an exploratory study of stakeholders' perspectives

The development of effective and inclusive health financing reforms is crucial for the progressive realisation of universal health coverage in low-income and middle-income countries. Tanzania has been reforming health financing policies to expand health insurance coverage and achieve better access to quality healthcare for all. Recent reforms have included improved community health funds (iCHFs), and others are underway to implement a mandatory national health insurance scheme in order to expand access to services and improve financial risk protection. Governance is a crucial structural determinant for the successful implementation of health financing reforms, however there is little understanding of the governance elements that hinder the implementation of health financing reforms such as the iCHF in Tanzania. Therefore, this study used the perspectives of health sector stakeholders to explore governance factors that influence the implementation of health financing reforms in Tanzania. We interviewed 36 stakeholders including implementers of health financing reforms, policymakers and health insurance beneficiaries in the regions of Dodoma, Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro. Normalisation process theory and governance elements guided the structure of the in-depth interviews and analysis. Governance factors that emerged from participants as facilitators included a shared strategic vision for a single mandatory health insurance, community engagement and collaboration with diverse stakeholders in the implementation of health financing policies and enhanced monitoring of iCHF enrolment due to digitisation of registration process. Governance factors that emerged as barriers to the implementation were a lack of transparency, limited involvement of the private sector in service delivery, weak accountability for revenues generated from community level and limited resources due to iCHF design. If stakeholders do not address the governance factors that hinder the implementation of health financing reforms, then current efforts to expand health insurance coverage are unlikely to succeed on their own

Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis prevention among HIV infected police officers in Dar Es Salaam

Objective: To determine the acceptability, compliance and side effects of isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis against tuberculosis among HIV infected police officers (PO) in Dar es Salaam.Design: A nested study from a prospective follow up of a cohort of police officers.Setting: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Subjects: One hundred and forty three HIV-1 infected police officers.Main outcome measures: Acceptance and compliance to INH prophylaxis.Results: Of the 400 HIV-1 infected officers, 143 (35.7%) came forward for post-test counselling and HIV test results. Sixty per cent (87/143) of them accepted to be on INH prophylaxis. However only 42.5% (37/87) came forward for evaluation regarding theirsuitability for INH prophylaxis. During the evaluation, eight (21.6%) of 37 otherwise asymptomatic PO were found to have active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Eventually only 29 PO were actually started on INH, and only 16 (55.2%) of them completed the six months course. No serious side effects were observed. One PO developed TB two months after loss to follow up before completing the six months.Conclusions: There was low acceptability of and poor compliance with INH prophylaxis among the HIV-1 infected PO despite being educated on the benefits of prophylaxis. The prevalence of PTB among asymptomatic HIV-1 infected PO was high, and therefore personswith HIV infection should be examined for TB even in the absence of symptoms

Risky sexual practices among youth attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

\ud Youth have been reported to be at a higher risk of acquiring STIs with significant adverse health and social consequences. Knowledge on the prevailing risky practices is an essential tool to guide preventive strategies. Youth aged between 18 and 25 years attending an STI clinic were recruited. Social, sexual and demographic characteristics were elicited using a structured standard questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for syphilis and HIV infections. Urethral, high vaginal and cervical swabs were screened for common STI agents. A total of 304 youth were studied with mean age of 21.5 and 20.3 years for males and females respectively. 63.5% of youth were seeking STI care. The mean age of coitache was 16.4 and 16.2 years for males and females respectively. The first sexual partner was significantly older in females compared to male youth (23.0 vs 16.8 years) (p < 0.01). 93.2% of male youth reported more than one sexual lifetime partner compared to 63.0% of the females. Only 50% of males compared to 43% of females had ever used a condom and fewer than 8.3% of female youth used other contraceptive methods. 27.1% of pregnancies were unplanned and 60% of abortions were induced. 42.0% of female youth had received gifts/money for sexual favours. The HIV prevalence was 15.3% and 7.5% for females and males respectively. The prevalence of other STIs was relatively low. Among male youth, use of alcohol or illicit drugs was associated with increased risk of HIV infection. However, the age of sexual initiation, number of sexual partners or the age of the first sexual partner were not associated with increased risk of being HIV infected. Most female youth seen at the STI clinic had their first sexual intercourse with older males. Youth were engaging in high risk unprotected sexual practices which were predisposing them to STIs and unplanned pregnancies. There is a great need to establish more youth-friendly reproductive health clinics, encourage consistent and correct use of condoms, delay in sexual debut and avoid older sexual partners in females.\u

Pathways and associated costs of care in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis in Tanzania : a cross-sectional study

To assess pathways and associated costs of seeking care from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis (TB).; Cross-sectional study.; District hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.; Bacteriologically confirmed TB and presumptive TB patients.; We calculated distance in metres and visualised pathways to healthcare up to five visits for the current episode of sickness. Costs were described by medians and IQRs, with comparisons by gender and poverty status.; Of 100 confirmed and 100 presumptive TB patients, 44% of confirmed patients sought care first at pharmacies after the onset of symptoms, and 42% of presumptive patients did so at hospitals. The median visits made by confirmed patients was 2 (range 1-5) and 2 (range 1-3) by presumptive patients. Patients spent a median of 31% of their monthly household income on health expenditures for all visits. The median total direct costs were higher in confirmed compared with presumptive patients (USD 27.4 [IQR 18.7-48.4] vs USD 19.8 [IQR 13.8-34.0], p=0.02), as were the indirect costs (USD 66.9 [IQR 35.5-150.0] vs USD 46.8 [IQR 20.1-115.3], p&lt;0.001). The indirect costs were higher in men compared with women (USD 64.6 [IQR 31.8-159.1] vs USD 55.6 [IQR 25.1-141.1], p&lt;0.001). The median total distance from patients' household to healthcare facilities for patients with confirmed and presumptive TB was 2338 m (IQR 1373-4122) and 2009 m (IQR 986-2976) respectively.; Patients with confirmed TB have complex pathways and higher costs of care compared with patients with presumptive TB, but the costs of the latter are also substantial. Improving access to healthcare and ensuring integration of different healthcare providers including private, public health practitioners and patients themselves could help in reducing the complex pathways during healthcare seeking and optimal healthcare utilisation

A qualitative evaluation of volunteers' experiences in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Tanzania

Evaluating experiences of volunteers in an HIV vaccine trial will be useful for the conduct of future trials. The purpose of this study among volunteers who participated in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was to assess what characterized their experiences during the trial. We conducted four focus group discussions with 35 out of the 60 individuals (women and men) after the five scheduled vaccinations. An interpretive description approach was applied to data analysis. As a result of the trial interventions, both men and women gained confidence in their own abilities to have safer, less risky sexual behaviour. The participants experienced the trial as a way of accessing free [insured] medical services. Most of the men said they had gone from self-medication to professional medical consultation. Despite these benefits, the participants faced various challenges during the trial. Such challenges included mistrust of the trial shown by health care providers who were not connected to the trial and discouragement from friends, colleagues and family members who questioned the safety of the trial. However, they managed to cope with these doubts by using both personal and trial related interventions. We found that during the phase I/II HIV vaccine trial, participants had both the opportunities and the ability to cope with the doubts from the surrounding community. Follow up visits enhanced the opportunities and individuals' abilities to cope with the doubts during the trial. Understanding this discourse may be useful for the trial implementers when designing future trials.\ud \ud \ud \u