ALEPPO - BEFORE AND AFTER

Abstract. In October 2018 I was in Aleppo, Syria, for my second time after the visit in 2010 before the war. It was an unique opportunity to perform 3D surveys of some noticeable buildings and monuments affected by the war. The paper shows some 3D results and comparisons for same monuments. The objects of the survey are some parts of the Citadel walls, the entrance tower of the Citadel, the southern tower, one mosque, the minaret of the Citadel mosque. These results prove undoubtedly that photogrammetry is an essential instrument for the 3D documentation and digital preservation of cultural heritage. The used technique is spherical photogrammetry, based on panoramic images and ad-hoc processing processes. The technique is very much suitable for heritage documentation and if will be transferred to the students of the local faculty of architecture.</p

Documentation of some Cultural Heritage Emergencies in Syria In August 2010 by Spherical Photrammetry

Syria is a country of many civilizations, Marie, Aramaic, Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Ottoman civilizations. Unfortunally the recent war is the reason for many cultural heritage items to be destroyed, beyond the thausand civilian people killed. In 2010, just before the war, the A. made a touristic trip together with Crua (Recreational Club of the Ancona University). It was the occasion to make some fast documentation of some Syrian CH monuments. Mostly of the images were taken by the A. not to make a survey, but as a photographic report, as fast and complete as possible. For a regular survey project, the tripod, the spherical head should be used for the takings and the 3x3 Cipa rules should be followed, that occurred only in the three main projects, say the survey of the citadel walls in Aleppo, the survey of the Umayyads Mosque in Damascus, and the survey of the minaret of the Umayyads Mosque in Aleppo. All the other documentation surveys have been carried out with hand-held camera taking the dimension of the model from Google earth high resolution, when available. But, apart the regular surveys, due to the explosion of the unexpected war, the photographs taken in such a touristic way, have been used to try to get some usable plottings an restitutions and it worked successfully mostly of the times. These surveys could be useful in case of reconstruction and in case of lack of suitable alternative metric documentation. Because of the continuing threats, all six Syrian World Heritage properties were inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cambodia last June: Ancient City of Aleppo, Ancient City of Bosra, Ancient City of Damascus, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, Krak des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din ans finally the Site of Palmyra. See the following links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kr.a3e0DL5sA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltFFjjrUgtU. Apart the Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, the A. visited all the World Heritage sites and partly documented. Some of them have already been plotted, some are in the orientation stage, some have been documented only

FurtherDevelopments of the Spherical Photogrammetry for Cultural Heritage

none1Ulteriori sviluppi della Fotogrammetria Sferica per l'architetturaFangi G.Fangi, Gabriel

HBIM IMPLEMENTATION for AN OTTOMAN MOSQUE. CASE of STUDY: SULTAN MEHMET FATIH II MOSQUE in KOSOVO

none5noNational Strategy For Cultural Heritage 2017-2027 is a Kosovo Government document that aims the enhancement of the system for the protection and preservation of Kosovan cultural heritage. Among the listed goals, one can find the promotion of an integrated data management approach towards cooperation platforms that involve advanced technologies and information systems applied to cultural heritage. In a country with a low technological progress, as Kosovo is, an innovative information management system like HBIM is a huge challenge. This research contributes in opening the debate about the use of HBIM even for historical architecture, illustrating a methodology of information management promoting the conservation and the valorization of a Kosovan ottoman mosque. The workflow pipeline started with the close range photogrammetric survey, obtaining first spherical panoramas and then the wire-frame processed in a 3D modelling environment, suitable to implement the HBIM project. Basing on the accuracy of the data acquisition, the availability of information about the building and the related level of knowledge, we proposed a semantic representation of the complex structure integrating in an HBIM collecting in an "ad hoc" database the geometrical building components, enriched with attributes as images, materials, decay, interventions, etc., linked to each features. Our approach is an example of how efficient semantic classification can be repeated for the analysis and the documentation of other similar ottoman mosque, simplifying the management of construction by a sort of unique and searchable archive. The advantage of the interoperability concept allows the data sharing is now stressed by HBIM.openDi Stefano F.; Malinverni E.S.; Pierdicca R.; Fangi G.; Ejupi S.Di Stefano, F.; Malinverni, E. S.; Pierdicca, R.; Fangi, G.; Ejupi, S

HBIM IMPLEMENTATION FOR AN OTTOMAN MOSQUE. CASE OF STUDY: SULTAN MEHMET FATIH II MOSQUE IN KOSOVO

Abstract. National Strategy For Cultural Heritage 2017–2027 is a Kosovo Government document that aims the enhancement of the system for the protection and preservation of Kosovan cultural heritage. Among the listed goals, one can find the promotion of an integrated data management approach towards cooperation platforms that involve advanced technologies and information systems applied to cultural heritage. In a country with a low technological progress, as Kosovo is, an innovative information management system like HBIM is a huge challenge. This research contributes in opening the debate about the use of HBIM even for historical architecture, illustrating a methodology of information management promoting the conservation and the valorization of a Kosovan ottoman mosque. The workflow pipeline started with the close range photogrammetric survey, obtaining first spherical panoramas and then the wire-frame processed in a 3D modelling environment, suitable to implement the HBIM project. Basing on the accuracy of the data acquisition, the availability of information about the building and the related level of knowledge, we proposed a semantic representation of the complex structure integrating in an HBIM collecting in an "ad hoc" database the geometrical building components, enriched with attributes as images, materials, decay, interventions, etc., linked to each features. Our approach is an example of how efficient semantic classification can be repeated for the analysis and the documentation of other similar ottoman mosque, simplifying the management of construction by a sort of unique and searchable archive. The advantage of the interoperability concept allows the data sharing is now stressed by HBIM.</p

ALEPPO BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR 2010–2018

Abstract. What remains of Cultural Heritage in Syria? And in particular in Aleppo? Aleppo, according to UNESCO, is the oldest city in the world. The first settlements date back to 12,000 years ago, the first evidence of the city to 8,000. The A. visited the city in October 2018 at the invitation of the Syrian Trust for Development. He previously went to Syria for a photographic tour in 2010. It was a unique opportunity to document some noticeable buildings and monuments, later on affected by the war. When the war began in 2012, the A. retrieved the photographs and gave them to his students, who then ran some 28 projects of Cultural Heritage items. They are small monuments or small projects, neither complete not very accurate, but sometimes they are unique for the monuments that have already disappeared. In 2017 the book Reviving Palmyra was published, whose main author is the Finnish archaeologist Minna Silver. The book shows the results of the surveys of some monuments of Palmyra, including the Roman theater, the temple of Bel, the triumphal arch and the funerary tower of Al-Habel. The A. made an exibition of the these projects in Ancona, Italy, and produced a video of the exibition, which was then published online. Reme Sackr saw the video and invited the A. to visit Syria. She is a Syrian woman of the Syrian Trust for Development, a Syrian NGO for reconstruction of Syria. She is responsible for the Living Heritage Program inside the Trust, in practice responsible for the reconstruction and the restoration of the monuments in Syria. So in October 2018 the A. went to Aleppo, Syria, for a second time. The present paper shows some results and comparisons for same monuments before and after the war. The objects of the survey are some parts of the Citadel walls, the entrance tower of the Citadel, the southern tower, one mosque and the minaret of the Citadel mosque. One of the first monuments to be restored will be the minaret of the Great Omoyyad Mosque in Aleppo. Some monuments, the minority, are apparently in good condition, seemingly untouched by the war. Some are badly damaged and unsafe. They must first be made sade and subsequently restored. Finally, other monuments – and these are the majority – no longer exist because they have been destroyed to their very foundations. It seems that the war, besides the population, has particularly targeted monuments, perhaps because they represent the soul and history of a people and a country. For them the problem arises whether to reconstruct or not, and in case of reconstruction with which instruments and with which technique, if there are previous findings. This is precisely the case of the minaret. Here they will try to reconstruct the monument where it was, as it was and with the same materials, with possibly the same blocks in the same position they were in. For this task, however, their identification is necessary. The minaret is the most important monument in Syria, because it is the symbol of the country. It was built in 1092, and its restoration was completed in 2007. A special commission now follows the restoration work. It is composed by public, religious and technical-scientific authorities. They are the same university professors who carried out the restoration of 2007 and now curate the reconstruction. Work began in February 2018. The minaret stones were placed in the square of the mosque. Using a crane they raised the stones one by one, then photographed them from all positions. They then proceeded to the identification stage. A computer program was created in MATHLAB® which could carry out the first automatic selection of 6–8 possible candidates. The operator then manually selected the choosen one. Of the 1300 stones of the external face, 40 % have already been recognized. The high-resolution photographs of the A. of 2010 will help the identification. It is hoped to reach 70 %. Many blocks are no longer usable because they are broken, being limestone and therefore fragile. They no longer have the necessary resistance and will have to be replaced. A museum will be set up for the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque. It is hoped to complete the work in two years. The surveying technique used by the A. is Spherical Photogrammetry. He published in 2018 The book of Spherical Photogrammetry a collection of related papers and experiences. This technique has been set up by the A. since 2006. It is based on spherical panoramas. These are cartographic representations on planes of spheres, on which the partially overlapping photographs taken from a single shooting point, are projected. Its main feature is the shooting speed. The technique is very much suitable for heritage documentation and the A. hopes to transfer it to the students of the local faculty of architecture. In this last mission, especially for the interiors, the A. made extensive use of Panono, a multi-image camera capable of covering 360°. These results prove undoubtedly that photogrammetry is an essential instrument for the 3D documentation and digital preservation of cultural heritage

Documentation of some Cultural Heritage Emergencies in Syria In August 2010 by Spherical Photrammetry

Syria is a country of many civilizations, Marie, Aramaic, Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Ottoman civilizations. Unfortunally the recent war is the reason for many cultural heritage items to be destroyed, beyond the thausand civilian people killed. In 2010, just before the war, the A. made a touristic trip together with Crua (Recreational Club of the Ancona University). It was the occasion to make some fast documentation of some Syrian CH monuments. Mostly of the images were taken by the A. not to make a survey, but as a photographic report, as fast and complete as possible. For a regular survey project, the tripod, the spherical head should be used for the takings and the 3x3 Cipa rules should be followed, that occurred only in the three main projects, say the survey of the citadel walls in Aleppo, the survey of the Umayyads Mosque in Damascus, and the survey of the minaret of the Umayyads Mosque in Aleppo. All the other documentation surveys have been carried out with hand-held camera taking the dimension of the model from Google earth high resolution, when available. But, apart the regular surveys, due to the explosion of the unexpected war, the photographs taken in such a touristic way, have been used to try to get some usable plottings an restitutions and it worked successfully mostly of the times. These surveys could be useful in case of reconstruction and in case of lack of suitable alternative metric documentation. Because of the continuing threats, all six Syrian World Heritage properties were inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cambodia last June: Ancient City of Aleppo, Ancient City of Bosra, Ancient City of Damascus, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, Krak des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din ans finally the Site of Palmyra. See the following links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kr.a3e0DL5sA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltFFjjrUgtU. Apart the Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, the A. visited all the World Heritage sites and partly documented. Some of them have already been plotted, some are in the orientation stage, some have been documented only

LA FOTOGRAMMETRIA SFERICA DEI MOSAICI DI SCENA PER IL RILIEVO ARCHITETTONICO

Finora le uniche applicazioni metriche di immagini panoramiche a 360°, anche detti mosaici di scena, erano quelle ottenute con camere rotanti ad alta risoluzione (T.Luhmann, W. Tecklenburg, 2004, [8][9], D.Schneider, H.-G. Maas, 2004 [12], [13]). La tecnica qui proposta al contrario si avvale di panorami realizzati con immagini scattate con una normale camera digitale e poi mosaicate con comuni software commerciali di stitching o incollaggio. Per panorama sferico s’intende quella immagine ottenuta come rappresentazione cartografica piana della sfera su cui sono state proiettate immagini fatte a 360° dallo stesso punto di presa e parzialmente sovrapponentesi (Szeliski, Shum, 1997, [16]). Tali rappresentazioni possono essere ottenute molto facilmente con numerosi software presenti nel mercato, (Realviz Stitcher, PTgui, Autopano, ecc.). Le immagini che compongono il panorama vengono mosaicate e proiettate su una sfera, il cui centro coincide con il centro di presa. Questa viene mappata nel piano cartografico con la cosiddetta rappresentazione longitudine-latitudine, o rappresentazione equirettangolare, dalla quale si possono ricavare le direzioni angolari che si misurerebbero con un teodolite il cui centro coincidesse con il centro della sfera. A parte la diversa precisione, la maggiore differenza consiste nel fatto che mentre il teodolite viene posto con il suo asse principale verticale, nel caso della sfera non è possibile rendere l’asse principale dell’immagine sferica sufficientemente verticale. Perciò vanno stimati ed applicati due angoli di correzione attorno ai due assi orizzontali per ottenere poi misure angolari corrette (funzione analoga all’azione di un compensatore biassiale nei teodoliti). Dopo la correzione, la restituzione dell’oggetto avviene per intersezione di rette proiettive. I parametri d’orientamento di un panorama sono sei, le tre coordinate del centro, e tre angoli, di cui uno, quello attorno all’asse z, è l’anomalia dell’origine, o costante di orientamento, comune a tutte le stazioni angolari di teodolite. Fra il centro di proiezione, il punto immagine e il punto oggetto si scrivono le equazioni di collinearità, che non sono altro che le tradizionali equazioni alla direzione orizzontale e all’angolo zenitale, corrette per tener conto della mancata verticalità dell’asse principale dell’immagine sferica. Si possono anche scrivere le equazioni di complanarità fra due panorami, stimandone i cinque parametri dell’orientamento relativo di uno rispetto all’altro e procedere quindi al calcolo delle coordinate modello. Nel chiudere a 360° il panorama, il software di rendering stima l’orientamento interno della fotocamera e corregge la distorsione dell’immagine, quindi l’orientamento interno è implicito nel panorama. Gli spostamenti dei punti dalla posizione che avrebbero se la sfera generatrice dei panorami fosse verticale, assumono un caratteristico pattern cioè andamento circolare a due rotazioni, una oraria, l’altra antioraria, attorno a due punti posti all’equatore che sono le rappresentazioni degli estremi del diametro orizzontale attorno al quale si verifica la rotazione. Simili pattern sono stati osservati praticamente in tutti i reali panorami come errori di posizione dei punti noti. Vengono esaminati alcuni esempi. Si tratta delle chiese della Maddalena a Pesaro, di san Domenico ad Arezzo, della moschea di Rustem Pascià a Istanbul e infine di Piazza del Campo a Siena. La precisione di restituzione è quella tipica dei sistemi fotogrammetrici monoscopici multimagine, cosiddetti sistemi semplificati, cioè compresa fra 1/1000 e 1/5000 della distanza oggetto-fotocamera. I vantaggi della procedura proposta consistono in primo luogo nella vista sinottica dello spazio oggetto costituta dai panorami la cui ampiezza di campo è 360°: un solo panorama sostituisce molte prese fotogrammetriche, e la vista d’insieme consente un’ottima comprensione dell’oggetto. Il maggior pregio della tecnica consiste tuttavia nella grande velocità, semplicità ed economicità. I limiti della tecnica invece sono quelli comuni alla fotogrammetria monoscopica, in cui la restituzione è limitata ad alcuni punti isolati, riconoscibili nelle diverse immagini. La tecnica si presta bene a rilievi a breve distanza. Per l’approccio completamente innovativo rispetto alla fotogrammetria tradizionale, i panorami sferici danno vita quindi a quella che può a ragione essere definita un nuovo tipo di fotogrammetria dei vicini