426 research outputs found
When is one estimate of evolutionary relationships a refinement of another?
A new way to view a certain type of taxonomic character is presented and several fundamental results are rederived using this approach.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46940/1/285_2004_Article_BF00276095.pd
The consequences of earlier reproduction in declining populations
Conflicting claims have been published concerning the consequences of earlier reproduction. In particular, it has been claimed that earlier reproduction will increase the rate of decline in a declining population, have no effect in a stable population, and enhance the rate of growth in an increasing population. However, if fecundity and mortality are conceptually separated so that earlier reproduction is defined as moving the fecundity column of the life table forward in time but not changing the mortality column, then earlier reproduction will nearly always cause the rate of change of a population to become more positive. This definition is believed to be more consistent with what biologists think of as earlier reproduction. Also, this concept requires that the cost of reproducing earlier be explicitly addressed rather than hiding it in assumptions implicit in a definition of earlier reproduction. This paper reconciles published mathematical demography models with published biological claims concerning earlier reproduction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/24683/1/0000102.pd
Conservation laws for vacuum tetrad gravity
Ten conservation laws in useful polynomial form are derived from a Cartan
form and Exterior Differential System (EDS) for the tetrad equations of vacuum
relativity. The Noether construction of conservation laws for well posed EDS is
introduced first, and an illustration given, deriving 15 conservation laws of
the free field Maxwell Equations from symmetries of its EDS. The Maxwell EDS
and tetrad gravity EDS have parallel structures, with their numbers of
dependent variables, numbers of generating 2-forms and generating 3-forms, and
Cartan character tables all in the ratio of 1 to 4. They have 10 corresponding
symmetries with the same Lorentz algebra, and 10 corresponding conservation
laws.Comment: Final version with additional reference
Character Analysis In The Banisteriopsis Campestris Complex (Malpighiaceae), Using Spatial AutoâCorrelation
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149728/1/tax02450.pd
Some information theoretic optimality criteria for general classification
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43197/1/11004_2005_Article_BF02045962.pd
Sensitivity curves for spaceborne gravitational wave interferometers
To determine whether particular sources of gravitational radiation will be
detectable by a specific gravitational wave detector, it is necessary to know
the sensitivity limits of the instrument. These instrumental sensitivities are
often depicted (after averaging over source position and polarization) by
graphing the minimal values of the gravitational wave amplitude detectable by
the instrument versus the frequency of the gravitational wave. This paper
describes in detail how to compute such a sensitivity curve given a set of
specifications for a spaceborne laser interferometer gravitational wave
observatory. Minor errors in the prior literature are corrected, and the first
(mostly) analytic calculation of the gravitational wave transfer function is
presented. Example sensitivity curve calculations are presented for the
proposed LISA interferometer. We find that previous treatments of LISA have
underestimated its sensitivity by a factor of .Comment: 27 pages + 5 figures, REVTeX, accepted for publication in Phys Rev D;
Update reflects referees comments, figure 3 clarified, figure 5 corrected for
LISA baselin
Semi-Teleparallel Theories of Gravitation
A class of theories of gravitation that naturally incorporates preferred
frames of reference is presented. The underlying space-time geometry consists
of a partial parallelization of space-time and has properties of Riemann-Cartan
as well as teleparallel geometry. Within this geometry, the kinematic
quantities of preferred frames are associated with torsion fields. Using a
variational method, it is shown in which way action functionals for this
geometry can be constructed. For a special action the field equations are
derived and the coupling to spinor fields is discussed.Comment: 14 pages, LaTe
Optical scalars in spherical spacetimes
Consider a spherically symmetric spacelike slice through a spherically
symmetric spacetime. One can derive a universal bound for the optical scalars
on any such slice. The only requirement is that the matter sources satisfy the
dominant energy condition and that the slice be asymptotically flat and regular
at the origin. This bound can be used to derive new conditions for the
formation of apparent horizons. The bounds hold even when the matter has a
distribution on a shell or blows up at the origin so as to give a conical
singularity
Algebraic approach to time-delay data analysis for LISA
Cancellation of laser frequency noise in interferometers is crucial for
attaining the requisite sensitivity of the triangular 3-spacecraft LISA
configuration. Raw laser noise is several orders of magnitude above the other
noises and thus it is essential to bring it down to the level of other noises
such as shot, acceleration, etc. Since it is impossible to maintain equal
distances between spacecrafts, laser noise cancellation must be achieved by
appropriately combining the six beams with appropriate time-delays. It has been
shown in several recent papers that such combinations are possible. In this
paper, we present a rigorous and systematic formalism based on algebraic
geometrical methods involving computational commutative algebra, which
generates in principle {\it all} the data combinations cancelling the laser
frequency noise. The relevant data combinations form the first module of
syzygies, as it is called in the literature of algebraic geometry. The module
is over a polynomial ring in three variables, the three variables corresponding
to the three time-delays around the LISA triangle. Specifically, we list
several sets of generators for the module whose linear combinations with
polynomial coefficients generate the entire module. We find that this formalism
can also be extended in a straight forward way to cancel Doppler shifts due to
optical bench motions. The two modules are infact isomorphic.
We use our formalism to obtain the transfer functions for the six beams and
for the generators. We specifically investigate monochromatic gravitational
wave sources in the LISA band and carry out the maximisiation over linear
combinations of the generators of the signal-to-noise ratios with the frequency
and source direction angles as parameters.Comment: 27 Pages, 6 figure
A Simple Test For The Possible Simultaneous Evolutionary Divergence Of Two Amino Acid Positions
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149712/1/tax00373.pd
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