37 research outputs found
Assigning the causative lightning to the whistlers observed on satellites
International audienceWe study the penetration of lightning induced whistler waves through the ionosphere by investigating the correspondence between the whistlers observed on the DEMETER and MAGION-5 satellites and the lightning discharges detected by the European lightning detection network EUCLID. We compute all the possible differences between the times when the whistlers were observed on the satellite and times when the lightning discharges were detected. We show that the occurrence histogram for these time differences exhibits a distinct peak for a particular characteristic time, corresponding to the sum of the propagation time and a possible small time shift between the absolute time assigned to the wave record and the clock of the lightning detection network. Knowing this characteristic time, we can search in the EUCLID database for locations, currents, and polarities of causative lightning discharges corresponding to the individual whistlers. We demonstrate that the area in the ionosphere through which the electromagnetic energy induced by a lightning discharge enters into the magnetosphere as whistler mode waves is up to several thousands of kilometres wide
Ball lightning - An electromagnetic hallucination?
A common ad-hoc-hypothesis tries to explain ball lightning (BL) as an electromagnetic (EM) brain effect caused by ordinary lightning, i.e. as a lightning-induced hallucination. A critical assessment of this alleged effect has to link the physical properties of lightning and its EM field with the neurophysiology of EM-induced hallucinations, so-called magnetophosphens. Using the clinical field of EM brain stimulation - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) - with its experimental phosphene data, the authors conclude that EM fields of nearby lightning flashes, because of their spatial configuration and magnetic induction, are unlikely to produce magnetophosphenes. Phosphenes do not appear in lightning accident reports. Phenomenologically, EM phosphenes as elementary hallucinations do not correspond to BL. © The International Journal of Meteorology
The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations
Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data from the European Cooperation for
Lightning Detection (EUCLID) network over the period 2006–2014 are explored.
Mean CG flash densities vary over the European continent, with the highest
density of about 6 km<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> found at the intersection of the borders between
Austria, Italy and Slovenia. The majority of lightning activity takes place
between May and September, accounting for 85 % of the total observed CG
activity. Furthermore, the thunderstorm season reaches its highest activity
in July, while the diurnal cycle peaks around 15:00 UTC. A difference between
CG flashes over land and sea becomes apparent when looking at the peak
current estimates. It is found that flashes with higher peak currents occur
in greater proportion over sea than over land
Spatio-temporal modelling of lightning climatologies for complex terrain
This study develops methods for estimating lightning climatologies on the
day−1 km−2 scale for regions with complex terrain and applies them to summertime observations (2010–2015) of the lightning location system ALDIS in the Austrian state of Carinthia in the Eastern Alps.
Generalized additive models (GAMs) are used to model both the probability of
occurrence and the intensity of lightning. Additive effects are set up for
altitude, day of the year (season) and geographical location (longitude/latitude). The performance of the models is verified by 6-fold cross-validation.
The altitude effect of the occurrence model suggests higher probabilities of
lightning for locations on higher elevations. The seasonal effect peaks in
mid-July. The spatial effect models several local features, but there is a
pronounced minimum in the north-west and a clear maximum in the eastern part
of Carinthia. The estimated effects of the intensity model reveal similar
features, though they are not equal. The main difference is that the spatial
effect varies more strongly than the analogous effect of the occurrence model.
A major asset of the introduced method is that the resulting climatological
information varies smoothly over space, time and altitude. Thus, the
climatology is capable of serving as a useful tool in quantitative
applications, i.e. risk assessment and weather prediction