EO raw data

EO raw dat

Susceptibility^a of <i>Myzus persicae</i> second instar nymphs to direct sprays or treated leaf discs of imidacloprid, spirotetramat, lavender (<i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>) and thyme (<i>Thymus vulgaris</i>) essential oils, linalool, and thymol.

<p>^a All 24 h exposure except spirotetramat, which was 48 h exposure.</p><p>^b A different solvent was needed to prepare thymol solutions. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127774#pone.0127774.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for details.</p><p>^c No significant mortality of aphids exposed to treated leaf discs at any concentration that was not phytotoxic.</p><p>Susceptibility<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127774#t003fn001" target="_blank">^a</a> of <i>Myzus persicae</i> second instar nymphs to direct sprays or treated leaf discs of imidacloprid, spirotetramat, lavender (<i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>) and thyme (<i>Thymus vulgaris</i>) essential oils, linalool, and thymol.</p

Exposure treatments used to test the ability of lavender essential oil (EO), thyme EO, linalool, or thymol to synergize the insecticidal activity of imidacloprid and spirotetramat against <i>Myzus persicae</i>.

<p>^a Thymol concentrations above 0.5% w/v were phytotoxic.</p><p>Exposure treatments used to test the ability of lavender essential oil (EO), thyme EO, linalool, or thymol to synergize the insecticidal activity of imidacloprid and spirotetramat against <i>Myzus persicae</i>.</p

Susceptibility of <i>Myzus persicae</i> second instar nymphs to direct sprays or treated leaf discs of imidacloprid mixed with essential oils of <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>, linalool or thymol.

<p>^a LC50 of imidacloprid divided by LC50 of imidacloprid+EO (or main component), for each exposure route.</p><p>^b Ratio test [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127774#pone.0127774.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>] comparing the LC50 of imidacloprid to the LC50 of imidacloprid+EO (or main component), for each exposure route.</p><p>^c A different solvent was needed to dissolve thymol, thus necessitating a separate LC50 determination for imidacloprid. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127774#pone.0127774.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for details of solvent and synergist concentrations.</p><p>Susceptibility of <i>Myzus persicae</i> second instar nymphs to direct sprays or treated leaf discs of imidacloprid mixed with essential oils of <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>, linalool or thymol.</p

Composition of essential oils extracted from Lavandula angustifolia and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>.

<p>^<b>a</b> unidentified compounds</p><p>Composition of essential oils extracted from Lavandula angustifolia and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>.</p

Susceptibility of <i>Myzus persicae</i> second instar nymphs to direct sprays or treated leaf discs of spirotetramat mixed with essential oils of <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>, linalool or thymol.

<p>^a LC50 of spirotetramat divided by LC50 of spirotetramat+EO (or main component), for each exposure route.</p><p>^b Ratio test [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127774#pone.0127774.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>] comparing the LC50 of spirotetramat to the LC50 of spirotetramat+EO (or main component), for each exposure route.</p><p>^c A different solvent was used to dissolve thymol, thus necessitating a separate LC50 determination for spirotetramat. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127774#pone.0127774.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for details of solvent and synergist concentrations.</p><p>Susceptibility of <i>Myzus persicae</i> second instar nymphs to direct sprays or treated leaf discs of spirotetramat mixed with essential oils of <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i>, linalool or thymol.</p

Least-squares means of the instantaneous rate of increase (<i>r_i</i>) and total number of aphids per plant after 21 days following infestation of <i>M. persicae</i> on to potato plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid in a greenhouse.

a<p>Data were square root transformed before analysis. Backtransformed means are presented. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (LSD, α = 0.05). SEM values are not backtransformed.</p

Regression parameters of model-fitting hormetic responses (G₀, G₁ fecundity and <i>r_i</i>) in <i>M. persicae</i> exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.

a<p><i>b,</i> steepness of the curve after the maximal hormetic effect; <i>d</i>, untreated control; <i>e,</i> lower bound on the ED50 level; <i>f,</i> rate of stimulation; RSE, residual standard error; <i>df,</i> degrees of freedom. In the model, <i>c</i> was set to zero and α set at 0.25 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074532#pone.0074532-Cedergreen1" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p>b<p>denotes fecundity of <i>M. persicae</i> adults continuously exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. G₀ is initial generation, G₁ is progeny of G₀.</p>c<p>data were square-root transformed before analysis.</p>d<p><i>r_i</i> is the instantaneous rate of increase of a <i>M. persicae</i> population exposed to low-dose imidacloprid treated potato plants.</p

Least-squares means of multigenerational fecundity^a following continuous exposure of <i>M. persicae</i> to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid.

a<p>24 h old nymphs were placed on treated potato leaf discs and fecundity of each resulting adult was recorded every 2 days until it died. In the succeeding generation, 5 randomly selected 24 h old nymphs were tracked and fecundity of the resulting adults was recorded every 2 days until they died. G₀ is initial generation, G₁ is progeny of G₀, G₂ is progeny of G₁, and G₃ is progeny of G₂. Leaf discs were replaced every two days over all generations.</p>b<p>Progeny per adult data were log transformed before analysis. Backtransformed means are presented. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (LSD, α = 0.05). SEM values are not backtransformed.</p>c<p>Mean total number of nymphs produced over four generations.</p

Multigenerational effects of low doses of imidacloprid on aphids.

<p>Multigenerational effects of continuous exposure to sublethal concentration of imidacloprid on the (A) longevity and (B) length of adult <i>M. persicae.</i></p