103 research outputs found
Context Mining with Machine Learning Approach: Understanding, Sensing, Categorizing, and Analyzing Context Parameters
Context is a vital concept in various fields, such as linguistics, psychology, and computer science. It refers to the background, environment, or situation in which an event, action, or idea occurs or exists. Categorization of context involves grouping contexts into different types or classes based on shared characteristics. Physical context, social context, cultural context, temporal context, and cognitive context are a few categories under which context can be divided. Each type of context plays a significant role in shaping our understanding and interpretation of events or actions. Understanding and categorizing context is essential for many applications, such as natural language processing, human-computer interaction, and communication studies, as it provides valuable information for interpretation, prediction, and decision-making.
In this paper, we will provide an overview of the concept of context and its categorization, highlighting the importance of context in various fields and applications. We will discuss each type of context and provide examples of how they are used in different fields. Finally, we will conclude by emphasizing the significance of understanding and categorizing context for interpretation, prediction, and decision-making
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic imaging in children—techniques and an overview of non-neoplastic disease entities
Imaging plays a major role in the diagnostic work-up of children with hepatobiliary or pancreatic diseases. It consists mainly of US, CT and MRI, with US and MRI being the preferred imaging modalities because of the lack of ionizing radiation. In this review the technique of US, CT and MRI in children will be addressed, followed by a comprehensive overview of the imaging characteristics of several hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease entities most common in the paediatric age group
Magnetic resonance imaging in children: common problems and possible solutions for lung and airways imaging
Pediatric chest MRI is challenging. High-resolution
scans of the lungs and airways are compromised by long imaging
times, low lung proton density and motion. Low signal
is a problem of normal lung. Lung abnormalities commonly
cause increased signal intenstities. Among the most important
factors for a successful MRI is patient cooperation, so the long
acquisition times make patient preparation crucial. Children
usually have problems with long breath-holds and with the
concept of quiet breathing. Young children are even more
challenging because of higher cardiac and respiratory rates
giving motion blurring. For these reasons, CT has often been
preferred over MRI for chest pediatric imaging. Despite its
drawbacks, MRI also has advantages over CT, which justifies
its further development and clinical use. The most important
advantage is the absence of ionizing radiation, which allows
frequent scanning for short- and long-term follow-up studie
PET/MR in children. Initial clinical experience in paediatric oncology using an integrated PET/MR scanner
Development of Novel Octanoyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Improved Rifampicin Pulmonary Delivery: Optimization by Factorial Design
A novel hydrophobic chitosan derivative, octanoyl chitosan (OC) with improved organic solubility was synthesized, characterized, and employed for the preparation of rifampicin (Rif) encapsulated nanoparticle formulations for pulmonary delivery. OC was characterized to confirm acyl group substitution and cytotoxicity in A549 epithelial lung cells. OC nanoparticles were produced by the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique without cross-linking and characterized for particle size distribution, morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, aerosol delivery, and drug release rate. OC was successfully synthesized with substitution degree of 44.05 ± 1.75%, and solubility in a range of organic solvents. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies of OC showed no effect on cell viability over a period of 24 h on A549 cell lines. OC nanoparticles were optimized using a 32full factorial design. An optimized batch of OC nanoparticles, smooth and spherical in morphology, had mean hydrodynamic diameter of 253 ± 19.06 nm (PDI 0.323 ± 0.059) and entrapment efficiency of 64.86 ± 7.73% for rifampicin. Pulmonary deposition studies in a two-stage impinger following aerosolization of nanoparticles from a jet nebulizer gave a fine particle fraction of 43.27 ± 4.24%. In vitro release studies indicated sustained release (73.14 ± 3.17%) of rifampicin from OC nanoparticles over 72 h, with particles demonstrating physical stability over 2 months. In summary, the results confirmed the suitability of the developed systems for pulmonary delivery of drugs with excellent aerosolization properties and sustained-release characteristics. © 2018, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
Abdominal tuberculosis: a radiological review with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Duodenal Tuberculosis: Radiological Features on Barium Studies and their Clinical Correlation in 28 Cases
BACKGROUND: A retrospective analysis of 28 cases of duodenal
tuberculosis (TB) was done to evaluate radiological findings and their
value in the diagnosis of the disease. subjects AND METHODS: Upper
gastrointestinal and small bowel series of 28 patients with duodenal
tuberculosis were analysed for radiological findings. The diagnosis of
duodenal TB was confirmed by surgery and biopsy in 18, on the basis of
radiological findings and response to treatment in 9, and on the basis
of findings on upper gastrointestinal scopy and biopsy in 1 patient.
RESULTS: The study included 28 patients (14 males, 14 females). The
mean age was 32.1 (range 5-65). Twenty-three (82.2%) patients presented
with obstructive symptoms while five manifested with dyspeptic
symptoms. Of the latter, 4 had ulcerations in the third and fourth
parts of the duodenum. In the remaining patient, the mucosa of the
duodenum could not be clearly visualised. Two patients had extrinsic
impression at the D2-D3 and D3-D4 segments. In 23 patients with
obstructive symptoms, 18 demonstrated luminal narrowing of varying
degrees and 5 had a sharp band-like cut-off at the third part of the
duodenum. Of the 18 patients with luminal narrowing, 13 had extrinsic
compression, 12 had proximal dilatation and 14 had ulcerations mainly
in the second and third parts of the duodenum. Biliary involvement was
seen in 3 patients without any signs or symptoms directly referable to
the biliary involvement. CONCLUSION: Though duodenal TB lacks specific
radiological features, barium studies help to localise and define the
area of narrowing and ulcerations and help to confirm the presence of
lymph nodes causing compression of the duodenum
MR cholangiopancreatography at 3.0 T in children: diagnostic quality and ability in assessment of common paediatric pancreatobiliary pathology
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