Pembentukan Undang Undang Tentang Zona Tambahan sebagai Langkah Perlindungan Wilayah Laut Indonesia

1982 UNCLOS stipulates that Indonesia as the archipelago state only has the enforcement jurisdiction in its contiguous zone to exercise control to prevent infringement and to punish infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration and sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea. This is detrimental to Indonesia because it can not reach the violation of customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws and regulations within the contiguous zone itself. Therefore, Indonesia should estabilish Law on The Contiguous Zone to claim legislative jurisdiction in it a long with the enforcement jurisdiction. Then it could also regulate as to the violation of customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws and regulations within its contiguous zone, not only those conducted within its territory and territorial sea. Key words: Contiguous Zone, Jurisdiction, Maritime Zone &nbsp

Cutting tool vibration in the metal cutting process

Research of machining dynamics have long history in manufacturing processes with consideration of cutting interruption, intermittency and coupled interaction between the tool and workpiece. It gives better understanding of the underlying physics of material removal. The complex motions in cutting dynamics are mainly caused by discontinuities, including chip and tool-workpiece seizure as well as complex stick–slip motion. Through the application of discontinuous system theory, a comprehensive understanding of the grazing phenomena is induced by the boundary of frictional-velocity and the loss of contact between the tool and workpiece are discussed. Significant insights are to control machine-tool vibration and to develop tool wear free machine-tool concept. The experiment on the stainless steel machining is presented in the paper and generation of machine tool vibrations and the associated cutting dynamics is considered

SEX EDUCATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TO PREVENT SEXUAL ABUSE OF CHILDREN

Cases of sexual abuse in children are increasing every year so it is necessary to prevent one of them through sex education in elementary schools. Sex education is an effort to teach, raise awareness, and provide information about sexual problems. Sex education for children can also prevent children from becoming victims of sexual harassment, by being equipped with knowledge about sex, they will understand which behaviors are classified as sexual harassment. With the literature review method using various sources of research results that have been carried out, the contents of which are trying to find a picture of the need for sex education in elementary schools to prevent sexual abuse in children

Kemungkinan Penggunaan Nano Karbon Dari Lignoselulosa Sebagai Biosensor

Nano teknologi di bidang hasil hutan yang dapat dikembangkan di antaranya adalah nano karbon dari lignoselulosa. Bahan baku utamanya adalah atom karbon yang berasal dari arang hasil karbonisasi lignoselulosa. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah jati yang dikarbonisasi pada suhu 400-500 °C, arang yang dihasilkan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan diaktivasi pada suhu 800 °C selama 60 menit dengan uap air dan kalium hidroksida (KOH) 15% sebagai aktivator. Proses selanjutnya dilakukan interkalasi dengan logam nikel dan di karbonisasi lagi pada suhu 900 °C selama 60 menit. Kualitas dan struktur karbon dievalusi menggunakan Pirolisis-gas kromatografi mass spectrofotometri (Py-GCMS), skening electron mikroskop-energi diperse spektrofotometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray difraktometer (X-RD). Arang aktif yang dihasilkan juga di uji sifat fisika dan kimianya. Biosensor dibuat dengan sistem moleculary imprinted polimer (MIP) berbasis elektroda pasta karbon dan optimasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nano karbon dari lignoselulosa dapat dibuat biosensor dengan sistem moleculary imprinted polimer (MIP). Formula optimum yang dihasilkan terdiri dari campuran 15% MIP, 45% karbon dan 40% parafin yang menghasilkan faktor nernst sebesar 49,7 mV/dekade dan limit deteksi sebesar 1,02 x 10-6 M pada pH optimum 4

Treatment-adjusted prevalence to assess HIV testing programmes.

Scale-up of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV has been increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, areas with high HIV prevalence are finding a declining proportion of people testing positive in their national testing programmes. In eastern and southern Africa, where there are settings with adult HIV prevalence of 12% and above, the positivity from national HIV testing services has dropped to below 5%. Identifying those in need of ART is therefore becoming more costly for national HIV programmes. Annual target-setting assumes that national testing positivity rates approximate that of population prevalence. This assumption has generated an increased focus on testing approaches which achieve higher rates of HIV positivity. This trend is a departure from the provider-initiated testing and counselling strategy used early in the global HIV response. We discuss a new indicator, treatment-adjusted prevalence, that countries can use as a practical benchmark for estimating the expected adult positivity in a testing programme when accounting for both national HIV prevalence and ART coverage. The indicator is calculated by removing those people receiving ART from the numerator and denominator of HIV prevalence. Treatment-adjusted prevalence can be readily estimated from existing programme data and population estimates, and in 2019, was added to the World Health Organization guidelines for HIV testing and strategic information. Using country examples from Kenya, Malawi, South Sudan and Zimbabwe we illustrate how to apply this indicator and we discuss the potential public health implications of its use from the national to facility level

SARS-CoV-2 Variants, South Sudan, January-March 2021.

As the coronavirus pandemic continues, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequence data are required to inform vaccine efforts. We provide SARS-CoV-2 sequence data from South Sudan and document the dominance of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.525 (Eta variant) during the country's second wave of infection

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Program Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru dalam Memanfaatkan Lingkungan sebagai Sumber Belajar bagi Guru TK dan KB di Gugus Matahari

Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) ini penting dilakukan untuk membantu 32 guru di Gugus Matahari, Kecamatan Alak, Kupang-NTT dalam memecahkan masalah yang dialami yaitu dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar di sekolah. Masalah yang terindentifikasi berkaitan kualifikasi akademik guru yang tidak semuanya S1, minimnya akses guru untuk mengikuti pelatihan peningkatan kompetensi guru, dan kurangnya sarana prasarana untuk pembelajaran di sekolah. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan ini yaitu metode ceramah, diskusi, tanya jawab, demonstrasi, eksperimen dan resitasi. Hasil yang didapat yaitu terlaksananya program ini dengan baik, dan guru dapat mengaplikasikan ide lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar bagi anak dengan menyusun RPP dan mempraktikannya dalam proses pembelajaran serta mengadakan evaluasi. Manfaat yang dirasakan oleh guru adalah pembelajaran berlangsung dengan efektif dan menyenangkan bagi anak, anak dan guru menjadi lebih kreatif, anak dapat berpikir kritis, anak memahami konsep pembelajaran secara langsung dan sederhana serta meminimalisir pengeluaran dana untuk pembelian APE dan media dalam pembelajaran