Modeling and Measurement of Field and Flux of MPI

Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is one of the oldest NDT techniques and it is the most common method used to detect surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. But since the beginning MPI has been based on experiments, experience and on subjective judgements. This contribution shows for the first time how MPI of complex shaped parts can be designed objectively by applying Maxwell equations and finite element calculations. The comparison between modelling and measurement shows substantial agreement. Results are given and discussed especially for automotive components like crankshaft and hub under DC- as well as AC-magnetization using coils and yokes

Insights into the influence of the cooling profile on the reconstitution times of amorphous lyophilized protein formulations

Lyophilized protein formulations must be reconstituted back into solution prior to patient administration and in this regard long reconstitution times are not ideal. The factors that govern reconstitution time remain poorly understood. The aim of this research was to understand the influence of the lyophilization cooling profile (including annealing) on the resulting cake structure and reconstitution time. Three protein formulations (BSA 50 mg/ml, BSA 200 mg/ml and IgG1 40 mg/ml, all in 7% w/v sucrose) were investigated after cooling at either 0.5 °C/min, or quench cooling with liquid nitrogen with/without annealing. Significantly longer reconstitution times were observed for the lower protein concentration formulations following quench cool. Porosity measurements found concomitant increases in the surface area of the porous cake structure but a reduction in total pore volume. We propose that slow reconstitution results from either closed pores or small pores impeding the penetration of water into the lyophilized cake

Synthesis and characterization of the copper(II) complexes of new N2S2-donor macrocyclic ligands: synthesis and in vivo evaluation of the Cu-64 complexes.

The aim of this work was to prepare a novel class of Cu-64(II) labeled complexes with the new macrocyclic ligands 1,10-dithia-4,7-diazacyclododecane-3,8-dicarboxylic acid (NEC-SE, 1), 1,10-dithia-4,7-diazacyclotridecane-3,8-dicarboxylic acid (NEC-SP, 2) and 1,10-dithia-4,7-diazacyclotetradecane- 3,8-dicarboxylic acid, (NEC-SB, 3) to evaluate the usefulness of these macrocycles for potential utility as Cu-64(II) chelators. The corresponding non-radioactive complexes [Cu(NEC-SE)]center dot 3H(2)O (4), [Cu(NEC-SP)]center dot 3H(2)O (5) and [Cu(NEC-SB)] (6) were prepared and their Cu-64-analogs, [Cu-64(NEC-SE)] (7) and [Cu-64(NEC-SP)] (8) and [Cu-64(NEC-SB)] (9) were produced in > 98% radiochemical purity. Rats were injected with complex 7, 8 or 9 and were euthanized at 1, 4 and 24 h. All three complexes are cleared from the blood over the first hour following injection but there is poor clearance of this activity over 24 h. A similar pattern of retention was noted in the liver where the levels of activity in this tissue at 1 h are not statistically different from those at 24 h. Molecular mechanics and DFT studies were performed on the complexes in order to gain insight into the lower stability