1,939 research outputs found
Early Dark Energy Cosmologies
We propose a novel parameterization of the dark energy density. It is
particularly well suited to describe a non-negligible contribution of dark
energy at early times and contains only three parameters, which are all
physically meaningful: the fractional dark energy density today, the equation
of state today and the fractional dark energy density at early times. As we
parameterize Omega_d(a) directly instead of the equation of state, we can give
analytic expressions for the Hubble parameter, the conformal horizon today and
at last scattering, the sound horizon at last scattering, the acoustic scale as
well as the luminosity distance. For an equation of state today w_0 < -1, our
model crosses the cosmological constant boundary. We perform numerical studies
to constrain the parameters of our model by using Cosmic Microwave Background,
Large Scale Structure and Supernovae Ia data. At 95% confidence, we find that
the fractional dark energy density at early times Omega_early < 0.06. This
bound tightens considerably to Omega_early < 0.04 when the latest Boomerang
data is included. We find that both the gold sample of Riess et. al. and the
SNLS data by Astier et. al. when combined with CMB and LSS data mildly prefer
w_0 < -1, but are well compatible with a cosmological constant.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures; references added, matches published versio
Orbifold Models in M-Theory
Among orbifold compactifications of -theory, we examine
models containing the particle physics Standard Model in four-dimensional
spacetimes, which appear as fixed subspaces of the ten-dimensional spacetimes
at each end of the interval, , spanning the
dimension. Using the projection to break the gauge symmetry in each
of the four-planes and a limiting relation to corresponding heterotic string
compactifications, we discuss the restrictions on the possible resulting gauge
field and matter spectra. In particular, some of the states are non-local: they
connect two four-dimensional Worlds across the dimension.
We illustrate our programmable calculations of the matter field spectrum,
including the anomalous U(1) factor which satisfies a universal Green-Schwarz
relation, discuss a Dynkin diagram technique to showcase a model with
gauge symmetry, and discuss generalizations to
higher order orbifolds.Comment: 23 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables; LaTeX 3 time
Effective Symmetries of the Minimal Supermultiplet of N = 8 Extended Worldline Supersymmetry
A minimal representation of the N = 8 extended worldline supersymmetry, known
as the `ultra-multiplet', is closely related to a family of supermultiplets
with the same, E(8) chromotopology. We catalogue their effective symmetries and
find a Spin(4) x Z(2) subgroup common to them all, which explains the
particular basis used in the original construction. We specify a constrained
superfield representation of the supermultiplets in the ultra-multiplet family,
and show that such a superfield representation in fact exists for all adinkraic
supermultiplets. We also exhibit the correspondences between these
supermultiplets, their Adinkras and the E(8) root lattice bases. Finally, we
construct quadratic Lagrangians that provide the standard kinetic terms and
afford a mixing of an even number of such supermultiplets controlled by a
coupling to an external 2-form of fluxes.Comment: 13 Figure
On the Construction and the Structure of Off-Shell Supermultiplet Quotients
Recent efforts to classify representations of supersymmetry with no central
charge have focused on supermultiplets that are aptly depicted by Adinkras,
wherein every supersymmetry generator transforms each component field into
precisely one other component field or its derivative. Herein, we study
gauge-quotients of direct sums of Adinkras by a supersymmetric image of another
Adinkra and thus solve a puzzle from Ref.[2]: The so-defined supermultiplets do
not produce Adinkras but more general types of supermultiplets, each depicted
as a connected network of Adinkras. Iterating this gauge-quotient construction
then yields an indefinite sequence of ever larger supermultiplets, reminiscent
of Weyl's construction that is known to produce all finite-dimensional unitary
representations in Lie algebras.Comment: 20 pages, revised to clarify the problem addressed and solve
Solving the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen puzzle: the origin of non-locality in Aspect-type experiments
So far no mechanism is known, which could connect the two measurements in an
Aspect-type experiment. Here, we suggest such a mechanism, based on the phase
of a photon's field during propagation. We show that two polarization
measurements are correlated, even if no signal passes from one point of
measurement to the other. The non-local connection of a photon pair is the
result of its origin at a common source, where the two fields acquire a well
defined phase difference. Therefore, it is not actually a non-local effect in
any conventional sense. We expect that the model and the detailed analysis it
allows will have a major impact on quantum cryptography and quantum
computation.Comment: 5 pages 1 figure. Added an analysis of quantum steering. The result
is that under certain conditions the experimental result at B can be
predicted if the polarization angle and the result at A are known. The paper
has been accepted for publication in Frontiers of Physics. arXiv admin note:
substantial text overlap with arXiv:1108.435
Radiative transfer effects in primordial hydrogen recombination
The calculation of a highly accurate cosmological recombination history has
been the object of particular attention recently, as it constitutes the major
theoretical uncertainty when predicting the angular power spectrum of Cosmic
Microwave Background anisotropies. Lyman transitions, in particular the
Lyman-alpha line, have long been recognized as one of the bottlenecks of
recombination, due to their very low escape probabilities. The Sobolev
approximation does not describe radiative transfer in the vicinity of Lyman
lines to a sufficient degree of accuracy, and several corrections have already
been computed in other works. In this paper, the impact of some previously
ignored radiative transfer effects is calculated. First, the effect of Thomson
scattering in the vicinity of the Lyman-alpha line is evaluated, using a full
redistribution kernel incorporated into a radiative transfer code. The effect
of feedback of distortions generated by the optically thick deuterium
Lyman-alpha line blueward of the hydrogen line is investigated with an analytic
approximation. It is shown that both effects are negligible during cosmological
hydrogen recombination. Secondly, the importance of high-lying, non overlapping
Lyman transitions is assessed. It is shown that escape from lines above
Ly-gamma and frequency diffusion in Ly-beta and higher lines can be neglected
without loss of accuracy. Thirdly, a formalism generalizing the Sobolev
approximation is developed to account for the overlap of the high-lying Lyman
lines, which is shown to lead to negligible changes to the recombination
history. Finally, the possibility of a cosmological hydrogen recombination
maser is investigated. It is shown that there is no such maser in the purely
radiative treatment presented here.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures, to be submitted to PR
Stratifying quotient stacks and moduli stacks
Recent results in geometric invariant theory (GIT) for non-reductive linear
algebraic group actions allow us to stratify quotient stacks of the form [X/H],
where X is a projective scheme and H is a linear algebraic group with
internally graded unipotent radical acting linearly on X, in such a way that
each stratum [S/H] has a geometric quotient S/H. This leads to stratifications
of moduli stacks (for example, sheaves over a projective scheme) such that each
stratum has a coarse moduli space.Comment: 25 pages, submitted to the Proceedings of the Abel Symposium 201
The Birmingham Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) project : developments towards selective internal particle therapy
This paper will review progress on two aspects of the Birmingham BNCT project. Firstly on evaluation of the effects of high and low LET radiations when delivered simultaneously, and secondly on attempts to optimise delivery of the boron carrier compound BPA through pharmacokinetic studies. Simultaneous or non-simultaneous irradiations of V79 cells with alpha-particle and X-ray irradiations were performed. Alpha doses of 2 and 2.5 Gy were chosen and the impact on survival when delivered separately or simultaneously with variable doses of X-rays was evaluated. The pharmacokinetics of the delivery of a new formulation of BPA (BPA-mannitol) are being investigated in brain tumour patients through a study with 2 × 2 design featuring intravenous and intracarotid artery infusion of BPA, with or without a mannitol bolus. On the combined effect of low and high LET radiations, a synergistic effect was observed when alpha and X-ray doses are delivered simultaneously. The effect is only present at the 2.5 Gy alpha dose and is a very substantial effect on both the shape of the survival curve and the level of cell killing. This indicates that the alpha component may have the effect of inhibiting the repair of damage from the low LET radiation dose delivered simultaneously. On the pharmacokinetics of BPA, data on the first three cohorts indicate that bioavailability of BPA in brain ECF is increased substantially through the addition of a mannitol bolus, as well as by the use of intracarotid artery route of infusion. In both cases, for some patients the levels after infusion approach those seen in blood, whereas the ECF levels for intravenous infusion without mannitol are typically less than 10% of the blood values
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