217 research outputs found
High-pressure synthesis of rock salt LiMeO2-ZnO (Me = Fe3+, Ti3+) solid solutions
Metastable LiMeO2-ZnO (Me = Fe3+, Ti3+) solid solutions with rock salt
crystal structure have been synthesized by solid state reaction of ZnO with
LiMeO2 complex oxides at 7.7 GPa and 1350-1450 K. Structure, phase composition,
thermal stability and thermal expansion of the recovered samples have been
studied by X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. At ambient pressure
rock salt LiMeO2-ZnO solid solutions are kinetically stable up to 670-800 K
depending on the composition.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
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Associations between iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticle growth and metal adsorption/structural incorporation
The interaction of metal ions and oxyanions with nanoscale mineral phases has not yet been extensively studied despite the increased recognition of their prevalence in natural systems as a significant component of geomedia. A combination of macroscopic uptake studies to investigate the adsorption behavior of As(V), Cu(II), Hg(II), and Zn(II) onto nanoparticulate goethite ({alpha}-FeOOH) as a function of aging time at elevated temperature (75 C) and synchrotron-based X-ray studies to track changes in both the sorption mode and the rate of nanoparticle growth reveal the effects that uptake has on particle growth. Metal(loid) species which sorb quickly to the iron oxyhydroxide particles (As(V), Cu(II)) appear to passivate the particle surface, impeding the growth of the nanoparticles with progressive aging; in contrast, species that sorb more slowly (Hg(II), Zn(II)) have considerably less impact on particle growth. Progressive changes in the speciation of these particular metals with time suggest shifts in the mode of metal uptake with time, possibly indicating structural incorporation of the metal(loid) into the nanoparticle; this is supported by the continued increase in uptake concomitant with particle growth, implying that metal species may transform from surface-sorbed species to more structurally incorporated forms. This type of incorporation would have implications for the long-term fate and mobility of metals in contaminated regions, and affect the strategy for potential remediation/modeling efforts
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Atomic structure of nanometer-sized amorphous TiO2
Amorphous titania (TiO{sub 2}) is an important precursor for synthesis of single-phase nanocrystalline anatase. We synthesized x-ray amorphous titania by hydrolysis of titanium ethoxide at the ice point. Transmission electron microscopy examination and nitrogen gas adsorption indicated the particle size of the synthesized titania is {approx} 2 nm. Synchrotron wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) was used to probe the atomic correlations in this amorphous sample. Atomic pair-distribution function (PDF) derived from Fourier transform of the WAXS data was used for reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations of the atomic structure of the amorphous TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to generate input structures for the RMC. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) simulations were used to screen candidate structures obtained from the RMC by comparing with experimental XAS data. The structure model that best describes both the WAXS and XAS data shows that an amorphous TiO{sub 2} particle consists of a highly distorted shell and a small strained anatase-like crystalline core. The average coordination number of Ti is 5.3 and most Ti-O bonds are populated around 1.940 {angstrom}. Relative to bulk TiO{sub 2}, the reduction of the coordination number is primarily due to the truncation of the Ti-O octahedra at the amorphous nanoparticle surface and the shortening of the Ti-O bond length to the bond contraction in the distorted shell. The preexistence of the anatase-like core may be critical to the formation of single-phase nanocrystalline anatase in crystallization of amorphous TiO{sub 2} upon heating
Microscopic evidence for liquid-liquid separation in supersaturated CaCO3 solutions
Recent experimental observations of the onset of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineralization suggest the emergence of a population of clusters that are stable rather than unstable as predicted by classical nucleation theory. This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to probe the structure, dynamics, and energetics of hydrated CaCO3 clusters and lattice gas simulations to explore the behavior of cluster populations before nucleation. Our results predict formation of a dense liquid phase through liquid-liquid separation within the concentration range in which clusters are observed. Coalescence and solidification of nanoscale droplets results in formation of a solid phase, the structure of which is consistent with amorphous CaCO3. The presence of a liquid-liquid binodal enables a diverse set of experimental observations to be reconciled within the context of established phase-separation mechanisms
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Very first tests on SOLEIL regarding the Zn environment in pathological calcifications made of apatite determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy
This very first report of a X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiment on Soleil is part of a more large long term study dedicated to ectopic calcifications. Such biological entities composed of various inorganic and/or organic compounds contain also trace elements. In the case of urinary calculi, different papers already published point out that these oligo elements may promote or inhibit crystal nucleation or growth of mineral or organic species involved. By using such tool specific to synchrotron radiation i.e. determine the local environment of oligoelements and thus their occupation site, we contribute to our understanding of the role of trace elements in ectopic calcifications
Carbon Nanotubes by a CVD Method. Part I: Synthesis and Characterization of the (Mg, Fe)O Catalysts
The controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition requires tailored and wellcharacterized catalyst materials. We attempted to synthesize Mg1-xFexO oxide solid solutions by the combustion route, with the aim of performing a detailed investigation of the influence of the synthesis conditions (nitrate/urea ratio and the iron content) on the valency and distribution of the iron ions and phases. Notably, characterization of the catalyst materials is performed using 57Fe Mošssbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. Several iron species are detected including Fe2+ ions substituting for Mg2+ in the MgO lattice, Fe3+ ions dispersed in the octahedral sites of MgO, different clusters of Fe3+ ions, and MgFe2O4-like nanoparticles. The dispersion of these species and the microstructure of the oxides are discussed. Powders markedly different from one another that may serve as model systems for further study are identified. The formation of carbon nanotubes upon reduction in a H2/CH4 gas atmosphere of the selected powders is reported in a companion paper
Fe/Co Alloys for the Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Single- and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs). 1. The CNTâFe/CoâMgO System
Mg0.90FexCoyO (x + y ) 0.1) solid solutions were synthesized by the ureic combustion route. Upon reduction at 1000 °C in H2-CH4 of these powders, Fe/Co alloy nanoparticles are formed, which are involved in the formation of carbon nanotubes, which are mostly single and double walled, with an average diameter close to 2.5 nm. Characterizations of the materials are performed using 57Fe Mošssbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy, and a well-established macroscopic method, based on specific-surface-area measurements, was applied to quantify the carbon quality and the nanotubes quantity. A detailed investigation of the Fe/Co alloysâ formation and composition is reported. An increasing fraction of Co2+ ions hinders the dissolution of iron in the MgO lattice and favors the formation of MgFe2O4-like particles in the oxide powders. Upon reduction, these particles form R-Fe/Co particles with a size and composition (close to Fe0.50Co0.50) adequate for the increased production of carbon nanotubes. However, larger particles are also produced resulting in the formation of undesirable carbon species. The highest CNT quantity and carbon quality are eventually obtained upon reduction of the iron-free Mg0.90Co0.10O solid solution, in the absence of clusters of metal ions in the starting material. Introduction Catalyti
Vacancy ordering and electronic structure of gamma-Fe2O3 (maghemite): a theoretical investigation
The crystal structure of the iron oxide gamma-Fe2O3 is usually reported in
either the cubic system (space group P4332) with partial Fe vacancy disorder or
in the tetragonal system (space group P41212) with full site ordering and
c/a\approx 3. Using a supercell of the cubic structure, we obtain the spectrum
of energies of all the ordered configurations which contribute to the partially
disordered P4332 cubic structure. Our results show that the configuration with
space group P41212 is indeed much more stable than the others, and that this
stability arises from a favourable electrostatic contribution, as this
configuration exhibits the maximum possible homogeneity in the distribution of
iron cations and vacancies. Maghemite is therefore expected to be fully ordered
in equilibrium, and deviations from this behaviour should be associated with
metastable growth, extended anti-site defects and surface effects in the case
of small nanoparticles. The confirmation of the ordered tetragonal structure
allows us to investigate the electronic structure of the material using density
functional theory (DFT) calculations. The inclusion of a Hubbard (DFT+U)
correction allows the calculation of a band gap in good agreement with
experiment. The value of the gap is dependent on the electron spin, which is
the basis for the spin-filtering properties of maghemite.Comment: 19 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. To appear in the Journal of Physics -
Condensed Matter (2010)
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