428 research outputs found
Heat-denatured human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein 24 antigen: prognostic value in adults with early-stage disease
CD4(+) lymphocyte count and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA level are useful for determining when to initiate antiretroviral therapy but are not used widely in developing countries due to the high cost. Heat-denatured protein 24 (p24) antigen is an inexpensive assay that predicts disease progression among persons with advanced disease but has not been assessed among persons with early-stage disease. Plasma levels of heat-denatured p24 antigen were quantified in baseline study-visit specimens obtained from injection drug users enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of HIV-1 infection. Of the 494 study participants (median initial CD4(+) lymphocyte count, 518 lymphocytes/mm(3)), 90 (18%) progressed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome within 5 years. p24 antigen level correlated with both CD4(+) lymphocyte count (r=-0.34; P5 pg/mL predicted disease progression, comparable with that of cutoff CD4(+) lymphocyte count 30,000 copies/mL. Heat-denatured p24 antigen level predicted subsequent clinical disease progression in early-stage HIV-1 infection and correlated with both CD4(+) lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA leve
Research on Trauma and PTSD in the Aftermath of 9/11
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40330/2/Resnick_Research on Trauma and PTSD in the Aftermath_2004.pd
Sustained Increased Consumption of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana Among Manhattan Residents after September 11, 2001
We compared reports of increased
substance use in Manhattan 1 and 6
months after the September 11,
2001, terrorist attacks. Data from 2
random-digit-dial surveys conducted
1 and 6 months after September 11
showed that 30.8% and 27.3% of respondents,
respectively, reported increased
use of cigarettes, alcohol, or
marijuana. These sustained increases
in substance use following the September
11 terrorist attacks suggest
potential long-term health consequences
as a result of disasters.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40269/2/Vlahov_Sustained Increased Consumption of Cigarettes_2004.pd
Hispanic Ethnicity and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder after a Disaster: Evidence from a General Population Survey after September 11,2001
PURPOSE: To assess ethnic differences in the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a
disaster, and to assess the factors that may explain these differences.
METHODS: We used data from a representative survey of the New York City metropolitan area
(n = 2616) conducted 6 months after September 11, 2001. Linear models were fit to assess differences
in the prevalence of PTSD between different groups of Hispanics and non-Hispanics and to evaluate
potential explanatory variables.
RESULTS: Hispanics of Dominican or Puerto Rican origin (14.3% and 13.2%, respectively) were more
likely than other Hispanics (6.1%) and non-Hispanics (5.2%) to report symptoms consistent with
probable PTSD after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Dominicans and Puerto Ricans were more likely
than persons of other races/ethnicities to have lower incomes, be younger, have lower social support,
have had greater exposure to the September 11 attacks, and to have experienced a peri-event panic
attack upon hearing of the September 11 attacks; these variables accounted for 60% to 74% of the
observed higher prevalence of probable PTSD in these groups.
CONCLUSION: Socio-economic position, event exposures, social support, and peri-event emotional
reactions may help explain differences in PTSD risk after disaster between Hispanic subgroups and
non-HispanicsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40349/2/Galea_Hispanic Ethnicity and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder_2004.PD
Alcohol Drinking Problems Among New York City Residents after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks
Recent studies have shown an increase in alcohol use in New York City in the months
after the September 11 terrorist attacks; thus far there have been no studies documenting
changes in drinking problems. In 2002, a random digit dial phone survey was conducted
of residents of New York City. This study provided us with estimates of the prevalence of
alcohol drinking problems among residents of New York City 6 months after September
11 compared with the 6 months before September 11. Among 1,570 adults, the prevalence
of drinking problems was 3.7% in the 6 months before September 11 and 4.2% in the
6 months after September 11. The incidence of drinking problems among those without
drinking problems before September 11 was 2.2%. Persons with incident drinking
problems were more likely than those without to report symptoms consistent with
posttraumatic stress disorder (17.4% vs. 0.4% in those without drinking problems
and 1.4% in nondrinkers), and depression (23.5% vs 5.6% vs. 4.9%, respectively) after
September 11. After a disaster, a link between drinking problems and posttraumatic
stress disorder or depression should be assessed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40250/2/vlahov_alcohol drinking problems among NYC residents_2006.pd
Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks In New York City
Background
The scope of the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United
States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of
acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression
among residents of Manhattan five to eight
weeks after the attacks.
Methods
We used random-digit dialing to contact a
representative sample of adults living south of 110th
Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about
demographic characteristics, exposure to the events
of September 11, and psychological symptoms after
the attacks.
Results
Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent
reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis
of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent
reported symptoms consistent with current depression
(with “current“ defined as occurring within the
previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived
south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center),
the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. Predictors
of PTSD in a multivariate model were Hispanic
ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack
during or shortly after the events, residence south of
Canal Street, and loss of possessions due to the
events. Predictors of depression were Hispanic ethnicity,
two or more prior stressors, a panic attack, a low
level of social support, the death of a friend or relative
during the attacks, and loss of a job due to the attacks.
Conclusions
There was a substantial burden of
acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the
September 11 attacks. Experiences involving exposure
to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD,
and losses as a result of the events were predictors
of current depression. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks,
there may be substantial psychological morbidity
in the population.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40334/2/Galea_Psychological Sequelae of the September 11_2002.pd
Trends of Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in New York City after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks
The authors investigated trends in probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence in the general
population of New York City in the first 6 months after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Three random digit
dialing telephone surveys of adults in progressively larger portions of the New York City metropolitan area were
conducted 1 month, 4 months, and 6 months after September 11, 2001. A total of 1,008, 2,001, and 2,752
demographically representative adults were recruited in the three surveys, respectively. The current prevalence
of probable PTSD related to the September 11 attacks in Manhattan declined from 7.5% (95% confidence
interval: 5.7, 9.3) 1 month after September 11 to 0.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.3, 0.9) 6 months after
September 11. Although the prevalence of PTSD symptoms was consistently higher among persons who were
more directly affected by the attacks, a substantial number of persons who were not directly affected by the
attacks also met criteria for probable PTSD. These data suggest a rapid resolution of most of the probable PTSD
symptoms in the general population of New York City in the first 6 months after the attacks. The psychological
consequences of a large-scale disaster in a densely populated urban area may extend beyond persons directly
affected by the disaster to persons in the general population.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40325/2/Galea_Trends of Probable Post-Traumatic Stress_2003.pd
Increased Use of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana among Manhattan, New York, Residents after the September 11th Terrorist Attacks
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were the largest human-made disaster in the United States since the
Civil War. Studies after earlier disasters have reported rates of psychological disorders in the acute postdisaster
period. However, data on postdisaster increases in substance use are sparse. A random digit dial telephone survey
was conducted to estimate the prevalence of increased cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and marijuana
use among residents of Manhattan, New York City, 5–8 weeks after the attacks. Among 988 persons included,
28.8% reported an increase in use of any of these three substances, 9.7% reported an increase in smoking, 24.6%
reported an increase in alcohol consumption, and 3.2% reported an increase in marijuana use. Persons who
increased smoking of cigarettes and marijuana were more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder than
were those who did not (24.2% vs. 5.6% posttraumatic stress disorder for cigarettes; 36.0% vs. 6.6% for
marijuana). Depression was more common among those who increased than for those who did not increase
cigarette smoking (22.1 vs 8.2%), alcohol consumption (15.5 vs. 8.3%), and marijuana smoking (22.3 vs. 9.4%).
The results of this study suggest a substantial increase in substance use in the acute postdisaster period after the
September 11th attacks. Increase in use of different substances may be associated with the presence of different
comorbid psychiatric conditions. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:988–96.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40268/2/Vlahov_Increased Use of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana_2002.pd
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