123 research outputs found
ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ
The paper investigates the current regime of turbulent heat exchange with the atmosphere over the Barents and Kara Seas, as well as its spatial, seasonal and temporal variability (1979β2018). It is shown that over the past decades, the areas of the location of the centers of maximum energy exchange between the sea surface and the atmosphere have not changed significantly in comparison with the middle and second half of the XX century. It was revealed that the greatest seasonal and synoptic variability of heat fluxes is typical of the central and western parts of the Barents Sea. It was found that both indicators of variability in the cold season are 2β5 and more times higher than in the warm season, and the spatial heterogeneity of the indicators of variability in winter is about twice as large as in summer. Quantitative estimates have shown that, within the Barents Sea, the spatial variability of fluxes in winter may be 5β10 times or more higher than the summer values. Above the Kara Sea, the greatest heterogeneity in the fluxes field is typical of the autumn and early winter seasons. It has been found that the annual sums of heat fluxes from the surface of the Barents Sea exceed the values for the Kara Sea, on average, 3β4 and 5β6 times, for sensible and latent heat fluxes, respectively, and in some years may differ tens of times. For the period under study, a single trend of the integral fluxes over the water area and their annual magnitude is not expressed, although there are multi-year decadal fluctuations. It is shown that, despite the significant difference in the thermal regime of the Barents and Kara seas and the lower atmosphere above them, the interannual changes in the total turbulent flows are quite well synchronized, which indicates the commonality of large-scale hydrometeorological processes in these seas, which affect the energy exchange between the seas and the atmosphere.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ XX Π². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² 5β10 ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π² 3β4 ΠΈ Π² 5β6 ΡΠ°Π·, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈ LE ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ, Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·.ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ 1979β2018 Π³Π³. ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π΄ Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² NAO ΠΈ SCAND, ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ
PLM-COMPETENCE FORMATION USING COMPUTATIONAL-GRAPHICAL PRACTICE
The description of a new kind of learning activity βComputational - graphical practiceβ is presented. This practice aimed at consolidating the knowledge and skills acquired by students in the study of the basic engineering disciplines and bridge the gap in the training of students in the field of PLM-technology. The goals, objectives, program practices and competencies, which should have a student after passing the training practice, are liste
Concurrent Thermochemoradiotherapy in Glioblastoma Treatment: Preliminary Results
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor. The patient can be alive with this pathology using the modern standard of intensive combined treatment less than 2Β years. Between December 2013 and August 2017, 30 patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma had received concomitant chemoradiotherapy with transcranial radiofrequency hyperthermia. The gross total or the subtotal resection of the tumor was made previously in all cases. The median follow-up time after operation achieved 12Β months (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.5β23Β months) in this study. The median disease-free survival time was 9.6Β months (95% CI: 7.2β19.0Β months). The median overall survival time of patients included in the study was 23.4Β months. No increase in the systemic side effects of chemotherapy was found compared with the frequency described in the population. Preliminary results had shown that the usage of concomitant thermochemoradiotherapy with transcranial radiofrequency hyperthermia improves progression-free survival rates. Overall survival rates also tended to increase. Given the absence of severe complications, it is necessary to continue research to achieve statistically significant results
Psychosocial aspects of the usage of modern technologies in diabetes mellitus
This article represents a review of trials on the relationship between the use of modern technologies in the treatment of diabetes, such as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and the psychological characteristics of patients. The review includes Russian studies and foreign publications. The analysis showed that the psychological aspects of using CSII are considered more often than CGM. Most Russian authors agree that the use of technology is associated with an increased psychological well-being of patients. Foreign researchers generally agree with the same point of view but also report a weaker correlation. One of the most significant conclusions of this analysis is that the use of modern technologies itself does not guarantee an improved quality of life (QOL) and psychological well-being, but technologies such as CSII and CGM provide patients with opportunities to achieve greater effectiveness in treating diabetes, improving clinical and metabolic parameters and therefore improving QOL. However, the use of these devices, as well as many other technological tools, is associated with certain psychological problems, both in terms of their acquisition and influence on patients’ subjective well-being. Early diagnosis and prevention of such problems should be one of the tasks in preparing patients for the use of modern technologies. A positive effect on both clinical and metabolic indicators as well as on the mental sphere and social life of patients can be achieved only by combining complete training (optimally—according to specialised programmes) with medical support
Features of morphological and ultrastructural organization of the cornea (literature review)
The human cornea β the anterior fibrous membrane of the eye, is a unique ordered optical-biological system that is avascular, saturated with nerve endings, includes tissue-specific cells, consists mainly of various types of collagen. An exceptional feature of the collagen layers of the cornea, including the collagen plates of the stroma, is transparency, which provides physiological refraction and light transmission due to the stable supporting properties of the cornea. The data on the morphological structure of the cornea, which is an important element of the optical system of the eye, are of considerable interest not only from theoretical, but also from practical positions. This is due to the fact that the identification of the first signs of deviation from normal physiological morphological and ultrastructural criteria in the cornea allows us to establish the nature of its pathological changes, which can be caused by both hereditary predisposition and local and general disorders. It has been shown that the thinning of the layers of the cornea, a decrease in the density of endotheliocytes or keratocytes signal the development of dystrophic processes in it. In addition to evaluating quantitative morphometric data, changes in qualitative ultrastructural indicators play an important role. In particular it was found that a decrease in the density of endothelial cells is accompanied by an increase in their size and a decrease in the cell nucleus. In addition, a number of degenerative pathological conditions are characterized by a decrease in the diameter of collagen fibrils and a change in the density of fibrillary packaging.This literature review presents basic information, features of morphology, ultrastructural organization and functional purpose of layers and cells of the human cornea
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
The aim of this study was to investigate values of pulmonary fibrosis markers alveomucin and KL-16 and the airway damage marker CC-16 for evaluating activity and progressing of extrinsic interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in dependence on etiology. Methods. Levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 glycoprotein (KL-6), alveomucin and Clara cell protein (CC16) were measured using the ELISA method. The study involved 13 patients with pneumoconiosis, 26 patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) and 20 patients with extrinsic toxic alveolitis (ETA) both in active and stable status. Results. KL-6 and alveomucin were found to be more valuable markers for assessing activity of extrinsic fibrosing alveolitis compared to CC16. Alveomucin had higher specificity but lower sensitivity compared to KL-6. Conclusion. Alveomucin could be used as a screening test in cases with clinical susceptibility for extrinsic alveolitis. On contrary, KL-6 and alveomucin could be used for assessing therapeutic efficacy of EAA and ETA.Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π° Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (club cells) β Π‘Π‘16 ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ (n = 13), ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ (n = 26) ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ (n = 20) Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ KL-6 ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π‘Π‘16. ΠΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ KL-6, ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π»Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ KL-6 ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ
Efficiency of radiotherapy during local hyperthermia in the treatment of laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer
Cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx, which is accessible to visual and instrumental examination, remains the most relevant and complicated problem among head and neck malignances as before. Investigations show that the incidence of cancer at these sites in Russia in the last decade has risen from 4.5 to 9.67 %. This is a severe and poor prognostic form of cancer, which is characterized by its nonspecific early clinical manifestations, complex anatomic and topographic structure, and a high rate of regional metastases. The mainstay of treatment for head and neck cancer involves 3 components: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (RT), which are performed alone or in combination. The most commonly used technique is combined, frequently crippling due to organ-removing operations. The clinical introduction of current radio modifiers, local and deep hyperthermia systems, is a promising approach to improving the results of treatment, to enhancing the radiation damage of RT, and to achieving the tumor regression sufficient for surgical intervention without augmenting the early and late toxicity inherent in chemoradiation treatment. The results of the performed study of 35 patients with T2β3N0β2M0 laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer proved the high efficiency of local hyperthermia in treating malignancies in this region during both preoperative (grades IIIβ IV therapeutic pathomorphism) and radical beam RT
Mechanisms of gap gene expression canalization in the Drosophila blastoderm
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Extensive variation in early gap gene expression in the <it>Drosophila </it>blastoderm is reduced over time because of gap gene cross regulation. This phenomenon is a manifestation of canalization, the ability of an organism to produce a consistent phenotype despite variations in genotype or environment. The canalization of gap gene expression can be understood as arising from the actions of attractors in the gap gene dynamical system.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In order to better understand the processes of developmental robustness and canalization in the early <it>Drosophila </it>embryo, we investigated the dynamical effects of varying spatial profiles of Bicoid protein concentration on the formation of the expression border of the gap gene <it>hunchback</it>. At several positions on the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, we analyzed attractors and their basins of attraction in a dynamical model describing expression of four gap genes with the Bicoid concentration profile accounted as a given input in the model equations. This model was tested against a family of Bicoid gradients obtained from individual embryos. These gradients were normalized by two independent methods, which are based on distinct biological hypotheses and provide different magnitudes for Bicoid spatial variability. We showed how the border formation is dictated by the biological initial conditions (the concentration gradient of maternal Hunchback protein) being attracted to specific attracting sets in a local vicinity of the border. Different types of these attracting sets (point attractors or one dimensional attracting manifolds) define several possible mechanisms of border formation. The <it>hunchback </it>border formation is associated with intersection of the spatial gradient of the maternal Hunchback protein and a boundary between the attraction basins of two different point attractors. We demonstrated how the positional variability for <it>hunchback </it>is related to the corresponding variability of the basin boundaries. The observed reduction in variability of the <it>hunchback </it>gene expression can be accounted for by specific geometrical properties of the basin boundaries.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We clarified the mechanisms of gap gene expression canalization in early <it>Drosophila </it>embryos. These mechanisms were specified in the case of <it>hunchback </it>in well defined terms of the dynamical system theory.</p
A Precise Bicoid Gradient Is Nonessential during Cycles 11β13 for Precise Patterning in the Drosophila Blastoderm
Background: During development, embryos decode maternal morphogen inputs into highly precise zygotic gene
expression. The discovery of the morphogen Bicoid and its profound effect on developmental programming in the
Drosophila embryo has been a cornerstone in understanding the decoding of maternal inputs. Bicoid has been described as
a classical morphogen that forms a concentration gradient along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo by diffusion and
initiates expression of target genes in a concentration-dependent manner in the syncytial blastoderm. Recent work has
emphasized the stability of the Bicoid gradient as a function of egg length and the role of nuclear dynamics in maintaining
the Bicoid gradient. Bicoid and nuclear dynamics were observed but not modulated under the ideal conditions used
previously. Therefore, it has not been tested explicitly whether a temporally stable Bicoid gradient prior to cellularization is
required for precise patterning.
Principal Findings: Here, we modulate both nuclear dynamics and the Bicoid gradient using laminar flows of different
temperature in a microfluidic device to determine if stability of the Bicoid gradient prior to cellularization is essential for
precise patterning. Dramatic motion of both cytoplasm and nuclei was observed prior to cellularization, and the Bicoid
gradient was disrupted by nuclear motion and was highly abnormal as a function of egg length. Despite an abnormal Bicoid
gradient during cycles 11β13, Even-skipped patterning in these embryos remained precise.
Conclusions: These results indicate that the stability of the Bicoid gradient as a function of egg length is nonessential
during syncytial blastoderm stages. Further, presumably no gradient formed by simple diffusion on the scale of egg length
could be responsible for the robust antero-posterior patterning observed, as severe cytoplasmic and nuclear motion would
disrupt such a gradient. Additional mechanisms for how the embryo could sense its dimensions and interpret the Bicoid
gradient are discussed
Π§Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°: ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Spontaneous tumour regression is a rare phenomenon in which there is a complete or partial regression of the primary tumour, clinically manifested by metastatic lesions. We report a case of a 34-year-old male with partial spontaneous regression of testicular seminoma detected by a supraclavicular lymph node biopsy. He underwent inguinal orchifunicolectomy. Based on the results of histological examination, against the background of multiple complexes of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in situ, foci of invasive growth and involution were identified, indicating a spontaneously regressing testicular tumour. We report the second case of a 52-year-old male with total spontaneous regression of testicular seminoma detected by a spermatic cord biopsy. Based on the results of histological examination, against fibrosis and proliferation of Leydig cells, there are atrophy of seminiferous tubules and complexes of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in situ in part of them.Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ β ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ 2 ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ. Π 1-ΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π»Π°. Π£ 34-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ Β in situ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎ 2-ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° 52 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ΄ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ in situ
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