QCD Studies at LEP I

The high hadronic event statistics collected at the Z energy (LEP I) allowed a good understanding of the QCD dynamics. The coupling constant $\alpha_s$ has been measured with several methods giving a global average $\alpha_s(M_Z) = 0.122 \pm 0.004$. The flavour independence of $\alpha_s$ has been tested obtaining $\alpha_s^b/\alpha_s^{udsc} = 0.997 \pm 0.023$. Quark-gluon jet differencies has been observed among which $_{gluon}/_{quark} = 1.234 \pm 0.027$. A big role has been plaied by the silicon vertex detectors.Comment: 1 uuencoded PostScript file. Invited talk at Les Rencontres de Physique de la Vall\'ee d'Aoste, La Thuile, March 3-9, 199

Uncertainties due to imperfect knowledge of systematic effects: general considerations and approximate formulae

Starting from considerations about meaning and subsequent use of asymmetric uncertainty intervals of experimental results, we review the issue of uncertainty propagation. We show that, using a probabilistic approach (the so-called Bayesian approach), all sources of uncertainty can be included in a logically consistent way. Practical formulae for the first moments of the probability distribution are derived up to second-order approximations.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures. This paper and related work are also available at http://www-zeus.roma1.infn.it/~agostini/prob+stat.htm

Deep CNN for IIF Images Classification in Autoimmune Diagnostics

The diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases are very important problem in medicine. The most used test for this purpose is the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. An indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test performed by Human Epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells as substrate antigen is the most common methods to determine ANA. In this paper we present an automatic HEp-2 specimen system based on a convolutional neural network method able to classify IIF images. The system consists of a module for features extraction based on a pre-trained AlexNet network and a classification phase for the cell-pattern association using six support vector machines and a k-nearest neighbors classifier. The classification at the image-level was obtained by analyzing the pattern prevalence at cell-level. The layers of the pre-trained network and various system parameters were evaluated in order to optimize the process. This system has been developed and tested on the HEp-2 images indirect immunofluorescence images analysis (I3A) public database. To test the generalisation performance of the method, the leave-one-specimen-out procedure was used in this work. The performance analysis showed an accuracy of 96.4% and a mean class accuracy equal to 93.8%. The results have been evaluated comparing them with some of the most representative works using the same database

Bayesian geostatistical modelling for mapping schistosomiasis transmission

Progress has been made in mapping and predicting the risk of schistosomiasis using Bayesian geostatistical inference. Applications primarily focused on risk profiling of prevalence rather than infection intensity, although the latter is particularly important for morbidity control. In this review, the underlying assumptions used in a study mapping Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in East Africa are examined. We argue that the assumption of stationarity needs to be relaxed, and that the negative binomial assumption might result in misleading inference because of a high number of excess zeros (individuals without an infection). We developed a Bayesian geostatistical zero-inflated (ZI) regression model that assumes a non-stationary spatial process. Our model is validated with a high-quality georeferenced database from western Côte d'Ivoire, consisting of demographic, environmental, parasitological and socio-economic data. Nearly 40% of the 3818 participating schoolchildren were infected with S. mansoni, and the mean egg count among infected children was 162 eggs per gram of stool (EPG), ranging between 24 and 6768 EPG. Compared to a negative binomial and ZI Poisson and negative binomial models, the Bayesian non-stationary ZI negative binomial model showed a better fit to the data. We conclude that geostatistical ZI models produce more accurate maps of helminth infection intensity than the spatial negative binomial one

Energy resolution and throughput of a new real time digital pulse processing system for x-ray and gamma ray semiconductor detectors

New generation spectroscopy systems have advanced towards digital pulse processing (DPP) approaches. DPP systems, based on direct digitizing and processing of detector signals, have recently been favoured over analog pulse processing electronics, ensuring higher flexibility, stability, lower dead time, higher throughput and better spectroscopic performance. In this work, we present the performance of a new real time DPP system for X-ray and gamma ray semiconductor detectors. The system is based on a commercial digitizer equipped with a custom DPP firmware, developed by our group, for on-line pulse shape and height analysis. X-ray and gamma ray spectra measurements with cadmium telluride (CdTe) and germanium (Ge) detectors, coupled to resistivefeedback preamplifiers, highlight the excellent performance of the system both at low and high rate environments (up to 800 kcps). A comparison with a conventional analog electronics showed the better high-rate capabilities of the digital approach, in terms of energy resolution and throughput. These results make the proposed DPP system a very attractive tool for both laboratory research and for the development of advanced detection systems for high-rate-resolution spectroscopic imaging, recently proposed in diagnostic medicine, industrial imaging and security screening

Adding Value to Ready-to-Crustacean Products: Process optimization for "entire" crustaceans using novel technologies

El objetivo general de esta Tesis Doctoral fue optimizar y evaluar el potencial de diferentes tecnologías de procesado en la producción de buey de mar (Cancer pagurus) irlandés listo para el consumo. El primer capítulo de introducción general proporciona una visión global de las diferentes estrategias para la conservación de alimentos y de las tecnologías de procesado disponibles actualmente. Además, se lleva a cabo una revisión de la optimización del procesado de alimentos haciendo énfasis en los tratamientos térmicos. Finalmente, este capítulo resume una visión general del buey de mar, su importancia en la Industria Irlandesa y las prácticas actuales para su procesado. Tras el capítulo de introducción, en primer lugar, se caracterizó la principal flora bacteriana responsable de la alteración del buey de mar listo para consumo y su resistencia frente a los tratamientos térmicos. De los resultados obtenidos, se deduce la importancia de Bacillus spp. y Staphyloccocus spp. como los principales microorganismos presentes en el buey de mar listo para el consumo. El estudio de caracterización termobacteriológica demostró que el tratamiento para inactivar Listeria monocytogenes (F70°C7.5°C = 2 minutos), en este tipo de productos, es efectivo para inactivar todas las células vegetativas presentes de manera natural en el buey de mar. Sin embargo, el mismo estudio también reveló que el tratamiento más severo recomendado para inactivar Clostridium botulinum no proteolítico tipo E, en cangrejo, (F90°C8.6°C = 57 minutos) no resultaba suficiente para alcanzar un nivel similar de inactivación (6 ciclos logarítmicos) de la bacteria esporulada más termorresistente aislada del buey de mar, Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Tras la caracterización de la microbiota del buey de mar, se evaluó el potencial de incorporar la tecnología de ultrasonidos para mejorar el cocinado del buey de mar. Los resultados mostraron que la incorporación de ultrasonidos al cocinado del buey de mar mejoraba los fenómenos de transferencia de calor, lo cual permitió reducir el tiempo total del proceso hasta un 15%. Además, los ultrasonidos también probaron ser efectivos para mejorar los procesos de transferencia de masa producidos durante el cocinado mejorando así la limpieza de los cangrejos en el cocinado. Esto permitiría evitar la etapa de limpieza de los cangrejos antes del envasado que se realiza actualmente en el proceso industrial. Dado el potencial de los ultrasonidos para mejorar los procesos de transferencia de masa durante el cocinado del cangrejo, se evaluó su uso para reducir la concentración de cadmio del buey de mar. Los resultados obtenidos probaron que la combinación de los ultrasonidos con temperaturas moderadas de tratamiento es capaz de reducir el contenido total de cadmio del buey de mar hasta un 22.8%, abriendo la posibilidad de utilizar esta tecnología para afrontar este importante reto en la producción de estos productos.Tras la caracterización de las primeras etapas de la producción de buey de mar (cocción y lavado), se realizó un estudio de optimización del segundo tratamiento térmico, la pasteurización, basado en la cinética de cambio de calidad del producto. De los resultados obtenidos, se deduce que el color de la carne blanca es el parámetro de calidad que se ve más afectado debido al tratamiento térmico, por lo que se caracterizó su cinética de cambio de color, utilizándose como indicador para la optimización del proceso. En base a las ecuaciones desarrolladas en este estudio, el tratamiento térmico requerido para inactivar B. weihenstephanensis sería demasiado severo para retener una buena calidad en el producto final pasteurizado. Por este motivo, se evaluó el uso de tecnologías alternativas (Mano-Sonicacion, Mano-Termo-Sonicacion y radiaciones ionizantes aplicando electrones acelerados) para la inactivación de los esporos aislados del buey de mar. La combinación de ultrasonidos con presión y temperatura mostró un efecto sinérgico para la inactivación de las bacterias esporuladas, lo cual permitiría reducir hasta un 80% el tiempo total de procesado manteniendo unos niveles de inactivación adecuados. La irradiación también probó ser una tecnología efectiva para inactivar las bacterias esporuladas a dosis de tratamiento por debajo del límite establecido por la WHO de 10kGy. Además, la irradiación fue la tecnología para la inactivación de bacterias esporuladas menos afectada por cambios en la especie microbiana contaminante o en las condiciones del medio de tratamiento, lo cual reduciría el riesgo sanitario de los productos pasteurizados si se produjese un error al definir el microorganismo diana o en la composición del producto. Los resultados de esta Tesis Doctoral muestran por tanto el potencial del uso de tecnologías de procesado alternativas a los procesos tradicionales, principalmente el calor, para mejorar la producción de buey de mar irlandés listo para su consumo y afrontar sus retos presentes y futuros. The aim of the present study was to optimize and evaluate the potential of novel technological interventions in the production of ready-to-eat Irish edible crab (Cancer pagurus). The Thesis begins with a general overview of food preservation and main characteristics of edible crab including its significance for the Irish seafood industry. An initial study characterized the main microbiota present in raw and ready-to-eat brown crab and their thermal resistance. Results obtained showed the importance of Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in these products. Characterisation of bacterial thermal resistance proved the effectiveness of recommended heat treatments to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes (F70°C7.5°C = 2 minutes). However, the study also revealed that the most severe heat treatment currently recommended, which has Clostridium botulinum non-proteolytic type E as a target microorganism (F90°C8.6°C = 57 minutes), is not sufficient to achieve a comparable inactivation (i.e. 6 Log10 cycles) of the most heat resistant bacterial spore isolated from crab samples namely, Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Following the microbial characterization studies, the potential for incorporating ultrasound to improve early stages in ready-to-eat crab production (i.e. the initial cooking step) was evaluated. The application of ultrasound during cooking enhanced the rate of heat transfer, allowing up to a 15% reduction in total cooking time. In addition, ultrasound also proved its efficacy for enhancing mass transfer from the crab to the cooking water. This improved crab cleaning during cooking would in turn allow the omission of the normal post cook cleaning process prior to packaging. Ultrasounds potential to enhance mass transfer from crab to the cooking water also prompted an investigation into its possible use to remove cadmium from crab. Results showed that ultrasound combined with mild temperatures has the capability to reduce the total cadmium content in edible crab by up to 22.8%. The results open the possibility for using ultrasound as alternative to resolve this issue for the crab industry. Following these studies the second heat treatment step (i.e. in-pack pasteurization) of ready-to-eat crab was optimized to minimize the impact of the treatment on the quality of the final product. Results showed that the colour of crab white meat was the parameter most affected by the heat treatment and therefore, a colour change kinetic for these heat induced changes was developed and used as a quality indicator for process optimization. Based on this study an optimal set of treatment conditions were proposed for the inactivation of C. botulinum non-proteolytic type E. However, based on the models developed the required heat treatment for a process which is solely thermal, would be too severe to retain a good quality. This situation would be further aggravated by the requirement for even more severe heat treatments if B. weihenstephanensis is considered as the target microorganism. Therefore, the use of alternative technologies (i.e. mano-sonication, mano-thermo-sonication and electron beam ionizing radiation) for the inactivation of the main bacterial spores isolated from brown crab was also evaluated. The use of ultrasound in combination with pressure and mild temperatures (i.e. Mano-Thermos-Sonication) showed a synergistic effect in terms of bacterial spore inactivation, which in turn would allow a reduction in the total processing time by over a 80% while still maintaining a similar level of inactivation to heat only. The use of irradiation also proved to be an effective technology to inactivate bacterial spores while still remaining below the limit of 10kGy established by WHO. In addition radiation was the technology least affected by changes in bacterial species or treatment media composition. Overall, the results of this thesis shows the potential for a number of alternative technologies and technical interventions to improve the processing of Irish edible crab and address present and future challenges in the production of these ready-to-eat products. <br /

Dynamics of Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria in an Armed Conflict

Armed conflict and war and infectious diseases are globally among the leading causes of human suffering and premature death. Moreover, they are closely interlinked, as an adverse public health situation may spur violent conflict, and violent conflict may favor the spread of infectious diseases. The consequences of this vicious cycle are increasingly borne by civilians, often as a hidden and hence neglected burden. We analyzed household data that were collected before and after an armed conflict in a rural part of western Côte d'Ivoire, and investigated the dynamics of socioeconomic risk factors for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and malaria. We identified a worsening of the sanitation infrastructure, decreasing use of protective measures against mosquito bites, and increasing difficulties to reach public health care infrastructure. In contrast, household crowding, the availability of soap, and the accessibility of comparatively simple means of health care provision (e.g., traditional healers and community health workers) seemed to be more stable. Knowledge about such dynamics may help to increase crisis-proofness of critical infrastructure and public health systems, and hence mitigate human suffering due to armed conflict and war