Video vs. direct laryngoscopy for adult surgical and intensive care unit patients requiring tracheal intubation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether a specific videolaryngoscopy technique is superior to standard direct laryngoscopy using a Macintosh blade to reduce the risk of difficult intubation in surgical and intensive care unit patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified all randomized controlled trials comparing videolaryngoscopes (VLSs) to direct laryngoscopy in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE (from inception to April 2020). The primary outcome was difficult intubation in adult surgical and intensive care unit patients. Secondary outcomes were successful intubation at the first attempt, airway trauma, sore throat, hoarseness, hypoxia, and mortality. RESULTS: We included 97 randomized controlled trials to evaluate 12775 patients. A high risk of bias was found in at least 50% of the included studies for each outcome. VLSs reduced the risk of difficult intubation compared to direct Macintosh laryngoscopy (RR 0.48, 95% CI from 0.35 to 0.65). VLSs increased the rate of successful intubation at the first attempt when compared to direct Macintosh laryngoscopy (RR 1.03, 95% CI from 1.00 to 1.07). Lower risks of airway trauma were found with VLSs (RR 0.69, 95% CI from 0.55 to 0.86). A decreased risk of hoarseness was associated with the use of VLSs (RR 0.67, 95% CI from 0.54 to 0.83). In addition, VLSs did not significantly reduce the risk of hypoxia compared with direct laryngoscopy (RR 0.83, 95% CI from 0.60 to 1.16). CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that the use of VLSs reduced the risk of difficult intubation and slightly increased the ratio of successful intubation at the first attempt among adult patients

Alterações funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica Functional respiratory changes in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da ventilação e volumes pulmonares e da força muscular respiratória no pós-operatório de colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. Tipo de estudo: Estudo prospectivo. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados 20 pacientes provenientes da enfermaria de gastrocirurgia da Unifesp, com média de idade 42,7 anos, sendo 7 (35%) homens e 13 (65%) mulheres. No período pré-operatório todos foram submetidos a um questionário clínico, exame físico, radiografia de tórax, espirometria. No pré e no pós-operatório foram obtidas as medidas da força muscular respiratória (pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas), da ventilação pulmonar (volume corrente e volume minuto), da capacidade vital, a oximetria de pulso e o índice diafragmático (ID). Este índice é capaz de refletir o movimento toracoabdominal, determinado pelas mudanças nas dimensões ântero-posteriores da caixa torácica (CT) e do abdome (AB) e foi calculado utilizando-se a seguinte fórmula: ID = D AB/D AB + D CT. Resultados: Observou-se que os pacientes evoluíram no primeiro dia de pós-operatório com diminuição média significante de 26% do volume corrente, de 645ml ± 220ml para 475ml ± 135ml; 20% do volume minuto, de 15,0L ± 4,5L para 11,9L ± 3,6L; 36% da capacidade vital, de 2,7L ± 0,6L para 1,74L ± 0,7L; 47% da pressão inspiratória máxima, de -75 ± -22cm/H2O para -40 ± 17cm/H2O; 39% da pressão expiratória máxima, de +90 ± 28cm/H2O para +55 ± 28cm/H2O e 36% do índice diafragmático, de 0,60 ± 0,10 para 0,39 ± 0,14 (p < 0,05). O volume corrente, o volume minuto e a pressão expiratória máxima retornaram aos seus valores basais no 3º dia de pós-operatório; a capacidade vital, pressão inspiratória máxima e o índice diafragmático retornaram aos seus valores basais entre o 4º e o 6º dia de pós-operatório. Dos vinte pacientes, somente um apresentou atelectasia como complicação pulmonar, tendo evoluído bem com as medidas habituais de fisioterapia respiratória. Conclusão: Concluímos que os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia por via laparoscópica apresentam no 1º dia de pós-operatório diminuição significante dos volumes pulmonares e da força muscular respiratória. Porém, quando comparados com dados de literatura, o retorno aos valores pré-operatórios é mais rápido na cirurgia por via laparoscópica (3º e 4º dias de pós-operatório) do que na cirurgia abdominal convencional.<br>Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the changes in lung volume, pulmonary ventilation, maximum respiratory muscle strength, and the incidence of pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Type of study: Prospective study. Material and methods: Twenty patients (7 men and 13 women) with mean age of 42.7 years with normal respiratory function were studied. All patients in the preoperative period answered a long questionnaire, had a physical examination done, and had their lung volumes, respiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic index and pulse oximetry determined. All measurements were repeated on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th postoperative days. Results: Patients showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the first postoperative day: 26% ± 13% in tidal volume; 20% ± 14% in minute volume; 36% ± 17% in vital capacity; 47% ± 17% in maximum inspiratory pressure, 39% ± 27% in the maximum expiratory pressure and 36% ± 25% in diaphragmatic index. Tidal volume, minute volume and maximum expiratory pressure returned to their basal values on the third postoperative day; vital capacity, maximum inspiratory pressure and diaphragmatic index returned to their basal values between the 4th and 6th postoperative days. Among the 20 patients pulmonary complication was observed in just one patient (lobar atelectasis); there was a full recovery by the third postoperative day with the use of chest physical therapy techniques. Conclusion: The authors conclude that patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy show a significant decrease in lung volume and in respiratory muscle strength on the first postoperative day. But, when these measurements are compared to the literature, return to their basal values is faster (between the 4th and 6th postoperative days) than with conventional surgery