CURVAS DE BIOMETRÍA FETAL CON EDAD GESTACIONAL DETERMINADA POR ECOGRAFÍA DE PRIMER TRIMESTRE: CLÍNICA ALEMANA DE SANTIAGO

Antecedentes: La gran mayoría de las curvas ultrasonográficas de crecimiento intrauterino han sido basadas en una edad gestacional (EG) determinada por fecha de última menstruación segura y confiable, la que es discordante con la ecografía de primer trimestre hasta en un 20%. Objetivo: Presentación de un normograma para diámetro biparietal (DBP), circunferencia abdominal (CA) y fémur (F), en embarazos únicos con EG calculada por ecografía de primer trimestre. Métodos: En la Unidad de Ultrasonografía de la Clínica Alemana de Santiago, durante 2000 y 2004, se analizaron todos los embarazos simples con eco-grafía de primer trimestre, definida por embrión vivo, único, con longitud céfalo-nalgas entre 3 y 84 mm. Se revisaron todos los informes ecográficos realizados durante el mismo embarazo, con informe de DBP, CA y F. Se seleccionaron 4.762 ecografías realizadas a 2.614 embarazadas. Se comparó los resultados con curvas de referencia nacional e internacional. Resultados: El DBP de nuestra población a las 22 semanas es significativamente mayor que las publicadas por Chitty y Vaccaro, y similares a las de Kurmanavicius y Snijders; mientras que la CA es mayor y el fémur es similar a las demás curvas de referencia. Conclusión: Las curvas obtenidas y determinadas por la ecografía de primer trimestre son diferentes con las curvas de referencias comparadas. Esto deberá considerarse dado que la ecografía precoz para el cálculo de la edad gestacional se ha generalizado en la práctica obstétrica actual

The evolution of pair-living, sexual monogamy, and cooperative infant care: Insights from research on wild owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins

“Monogamy” and pair bonding have long been of interest to anthropologists and primatologists. Their study contributes to our knowledge of human evolutionary biology and social evolution without the cultural trappings associated with studying human societies directly. Here, we first provide an overview of theoretical considerations, followed by an evaluation of recent comparative studies of the evolution of “social monogamy”; we are left with serious doubts about the conclusions of these studies that stem from the often poor quality of the data used and an overreliance on secondary sources without vetting the data therein. We then describe our field research program on four “monogamous” platyrrhines (owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins), evaluate how well our data support various hypotheses proposed to explain “monogamy,” and compare our data to those reported on the same genera in comparative studies. Overall, we found a distressing lack of agreement between the data used in comparative studies and data from the literature for the taxa that we work with. In the final section, we propose areas of research that deserve more attention. We stress the need for more high‐quality natural history data, and we urge researchers to be cautious about the uncritical use of variables of uncertain internal validity. Overall, it is imperative that biological anthropologists establish and follow clear criteria for comparing and combining results from published studies and that researchers, reviewers, and editors alike comply with these standards to improve the transparency, reproducibility, and interpretability of causal inferences made in comparative studies.Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Agin

Effects of the utilization of intellectual property by scientific researchers on economic growth in Mexico

The present article examines the impact of intellectual property (IP) utilization and concentration on economic growth in Mexico. The findings presented center on the use of different forms of IP by researchers in the National System of Researchers (SNI in Spanish) of Mexico. We focus especially on the externalities associated with the use of IP by researchers, as well as on understanding how knowledge about, and utilization of IP relates to economic growth, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP). The results of our analyses indicate that in the context of the Mexican SNI, the utilization of certain forms of IP, specifically patents and industrial designs, had a positive impact on economic growth, while the use of utility models was negatively linked to drivers of growth. Policies based on these results could seek to foster awareness and utilization of particular forms of IP by SNI researchers, which in turn could result in greater economic growth in Mexico