A CALIBRATION FRAME FOR 3D SWIMMING ANALYSIS

The purpose of this study was to construct a calibration frame for accurate threedimensional analysis of swimming and to assess its accuracy and reliability. A 6.75 m3 frame was constructed. The frame was positioned in a 25 m pool so that half was above and half below the water surface and recorded with four underwater and two above water synchronised cameras. Direct linear transformation methods were used to estimate marker locations on the frame. Comparison among different numbers of control points showed the set of 20 points to produce the most accurate results. Selection of the most accurate control points improved the accuracy of the measurements even when only 10 control points were used. The frame was found to have high accuracy (mean errors: 3.3 mm, 2.6 mm and 4.0 mm; root mean square errors: 3.9 mm, 3.8 mm and 4.8 mm) and reliability (standard deviation: 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm and 0.4 mm)

The McKinsey-Tarski theorem for locally compact ordered spaces

We prove that the modal logic of a crowded locally compact generalized ordered space is S4. This provides a version of the McKinsey–Tarski theorem for generalized ordered spaces. We then utilize this theorem to axiomatize the modal logic of an arbitrary locally compact generalized ordered space

Elucidating novel dysfunctional pathways in Alzheimer's disease by integrating loci identified in genetic and epigenetic studies

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. A large number of genome-wide association studies have been performed, which have been supplemented more recently by the first epigenome-wide association studies, leading to the identification of a number of novel loci altered in disease. Twin studies have shown monozygotic twin discordance for Alzheimer's disease (Gatz et al., 2006), leading to the conclusion that a combination of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms is likely to be involved in disease etiology (Lunnon & Mill, 2013). This review focuses on identifying overlapping pathways between published genome-wide association studies and epigenome-wide association studies, highlighting dysfunctional synaptic, lipid metabolism, plasma membrane/cytoskeleton, mitochondrial, and immune cell activation pathways. Identifying common pathways altered in genetic and epigenetic studies will aid our understanding of disease mechanisms and identify potential novel targets for pharmacological intervention

Increased DNA methylation near TREM2 is consistently seen in the superior temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease brain

Although mutations within the TREM2 gene have been robustly associated with Alzheimer's disease, it is not known whether alterations in the regulation of this gene are also involved in pathogenesis. Here, we present data demonstrating increased DNA methylation in the superior temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease brain at a CpG site located 289 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the TREM2 gene in 3 independent study cohorts using 2 different technologies (Illumina Infinium 450K methylation beadchip and pyrosequencing). A meta-analysis across all 3 cohorts reveals consistent AD-associated hypermethylation (p = 3.47E-08). This study highlights that extending genetic studies of TREM2 in AD to investigate epigenetic changes may nominate additional mechanisms by which disruption to this gene increases risk