Nitrogen placement, row spacing, and water management for furrow-irrigated field corn

Banding and sidedressing nitrogen (N) fertilizer on a never-irrigated side of a row of corn (Zea mays L.) were hypothesized to maintain yield and decrease nitrate leaching. In a two—year ?eld study on a Portneuf silt loam (Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) in southern Idaho, we evaluated effects on yield and N uptake of 1) urea placement (broadcast pre-plant vs. band at planting), 2) row spacings (30-in vs. an offset 22—in spacing in which every pair of 22-—in rows was positioned close to a furrow rather than each row on a bed center), and 3) water management. Our water management, termed irrigated furrow positioning, consisted of every- second furrow irrigation in which we applied water to either a) the same or b) the Opposite side of the row with successive irrigations, the latter called alternating furrow irrigation. At season’s end, we harvested 20 ft of row at three locations in each plot for silage and at three other locations for grain. Grain yield was not affected by the positioning of the irrigated furrow. However, averaged across years, grain yield from 22-in rows was 113 bu acre-1 from banded plots, 5% greater (P<0.05) than broadcast plots. Two-year average grain yield from 30-in rows was 107 bu acre-1, with no difference between banding and broadcasting. In the second year, N uptake in grain averaged across row spacings was 72.3 lb acre-l from banded plots and 65.5 lb acre-l from broadcast plots (P<0.01). Silage yield increased up to 26% and N uptake in silage increased up to 21% from banding, compared to broadcasting, where we irrigated the same furrow in the study’s second year. In both years, grain and silage yield and N uptake in grain and silage were similar or greater where urea was banded on one side of a row rather than broadcast

Nitrogen placement, row spacing, and water management for furrow-irrigated field corn

Banding and sidedressing nitrogen (N) fertilizer on a never-irrigated side of a row of corn (Zea mays L.) were hypothesized to maintain yield and decrease nitrate leaching. In a two—year ?eld study on a Portneuf silt loam (Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) in southern Idaho, we evaluated effects on yield and N uptake of 1) urea placement (broadcast pre-plant vs. band at planting), 2) row spacings (30-in vs. an offset 22—in spacing in which every pair of 22-—in rows was positioned close to a furrow rather than each row on a bed center), and 3) water management. Our water management, termed irrigated furrow positioning, consisted of every- second furrow irrigation in which we applied water to either a) the same or b) the Opposite side of the row with successive irrigations, the latter called alternating furrow irrigation. At season’s end, we harvested 20 ft of row at three locations in each plot for silage and at three other locations for grain. Grain yield was not affected by the positioning of the irrigated furrow. However, averaged across years, grain yield from 22-in rows was 113 bu acre-1 from banded plots, 5% greater (P<0.05) than broadcast plots. Two-year average grain yield from 30-in rows was 107 bu acre-1, with no difference between banding and broadcasting. In the second year, N uptake in grain averaged across row spacings was 72.3 lb acre-l from banded plots and 65.5 lb acre-l from broadcast plots (P<0.01). Silage yield increased up to 26% and N uptake in silage increased up to 21% from banding, compared to broadcasting, where we irrigated the same furrow in the study’s second year. In both years, grain and silage yield and N uptake in grain and silage were similar or greater where urea was banded on one side of a row rather than broadcast

Dairy manure/compost N release for sugarbeets and subsequent wheat

There is frequently more manure generated than can be environmentally applied in a sound manner within the limited land resources of the growing number of Idaho dairies and feedlot operations. There is considerable incentive to export manure or compost from these operations to nearby farmer fields. Manure composting is currently used to reduce the volume of material hauled. But the slower release nature of organic N sources could be problematic for sugarbeets if the timing of N release interferes with late season sugarbeet growth and sugar content. A better understanding of the N release dynamics from manures and composts is needed to know how best to use these resources without causing excessive available N at the end of the season, the associated higher brei nitrate and conductivity, reduced sugar content and recoverability. Marketing of manures and composts to sugarbeet producers is limited by a lack of information regarding sugarbeet response to the applications. Sugarbeet production in southwest Idaho involves fall application and shallow incorporation of broadcasted fertilizers prior to fall bedding. The bedding process essentially concentrates broadcasted fertilizers, composts or manures over the row to be planted the following spring. Precipitation can move soluble and mobile salts to the soil depth at which sugarbeet seed must germinate. The objective of this study was to compare fall applied manure and compost N sources with conventional fertilization. Depth of organic N incorporation was also of interest

Formulation, characterisation and stabilisation of buccal films for paediatric drug delivery of omeprazole

This study aimed to develop films for potential delivery of omeprazole (OME) via the buccal mucosa of paediatric patients. Films were prepared using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), sodium alginate (SA), carrageenan (CA) and metolose (MET) with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) as plasticiser, OME (model drug) and L-arg (stabiliser). Gels (1% w/w) were prepared at 40°C using water and ethanol with PEG 400 (0–1% w/w) and dried in an oven (40°C). Optimised formulations containing OME and L-arg (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were prepared to investigate the stabilisation of the drug. Tensile properties (Texture analysis, TA), physical form (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC; X-ray diffraction, XRD; thermogravimetric analysis, TGA) and surface topography (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) were investigated. Based on the TA results, SA and MET films were chosen for OME loading and stabilisation studies as they showed a good balance between flexibility and toughness. Plasticised MET films were uniform and smooth whilst unplasticised films demonstrated rough lumpy surfaces. SA films prepared from aqueous gels showed some lumps on the surface, whereas SA films prepared from ethanolic gels were smooth and uniform. Drug-loaded gels showed that OME was unstable and therefore required addition of L-arg. The DSC and XRD suggested molecular dispersion of drug within the polymeric matrix. Plasticised (0.5% w/w PEG 400) MET films prepared from ethanolic (20% v/v) gels and containing OME: L-arg 1:2 showed the most ideal characteristics (transparency, ease of peeling and flexibility) and was selected for further investigation

Nitrogen placement, row spacing, and water management for furrow-irrigated field corn

Banding and sidedressing nitrogen (N) fertilizer on a never-irrigated side of a row of corn (Zea mays L.) were hypothesized to maintain yield and decrease nitrate leaching. In a two—year ?eld study on a Portneuf silt loam (Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) in southern Idaho, we evaluated effects on yield and N uptake of 1) urea placement (broadcast pre-plant vs. band at planting), 2) row spacings (30-in vs. an offset 22—in spacing in which every pair of 22-—in rows was positioned close to a furrow rather than each row on a bed center), and 3) water management. Our water management, termed irrigated furrow positioning, consisted of every- second furrow irrigation in which we applied water to either a) the same or b) the Opposite side of the row with successive irrigations, the latter called alternating furrow irrigation. At season’s end, we harvested 20 ft of row at three locations in each plot for silage and at three other locations for grain. Grain yield was not affected by the positioning of the irrigated furrow. However, averaged across years, grain yield from 22-in rows was 113 bu acre-1 from banded plots, 5% greater (P<0.05) than broadcast plots. Two-year average grain yield from 30-in rows was 107 bu acre-1, with no difference between banding and broadcasting. In the second year, N uptake in grain averaged across row spacings was 72.3 lb acre-l from banded plots and 65.5 lb acre-l from broadcast plots (P<0.01). Silage yield increased up to 26% and N uptake in silage increased up to 21% from banding, compared to broadcasting, where we irrigated the same furrow in the study’s second year. In both years, grain and silage yield and N uptake in grain and silage were similar or greater where urea was banded on one side of a row rather than broadcast

Dairy manure/compost N release for sugarbeets and subsequent wheat

There is frequently more manure generated than can be environmentally applied in a sound manner within the limited land resources of the growing number of Idaho dairies and feedlot operations. There is considerable incentive to export manure or compost from these operations to nearby farmer fields. Manure composting is currently used to reduce the volume of material hauled. But the slower release nature of organic N sources could be problematic for sugarbeets if the timing of N release interferes with late season sugarbeet growth and sugar content. A better understanding of the N release dynamics from manures and composts is needed to know how best to use these resources without causing excessive available N at the end of the season, the associated higher brei nitrate and conductivity, reduced sugar content and recoverability. Marketing of manures and composts to sugarbeet producers is limited by a lack of information regarding sugarbeet response to the applications. Sugarbeet production in southwest Idaho involves fall application and shallow incorporation of broadcasted fertilizers prior to fall bedding. The bedding process essentially concentrates broadcasted fertilizers, composts or manures over the row to be planted the following spring. Precipitation can move soluble and mobile salts to the soil depth at which sugarbeet seed must germinate. The objective of this study was to compare fall applied manure and compost N sources with conventional fertilization. Depth of organic N incorporation was also of interest