Unions and Employment in Uruguay

This study examines the impact of unions on wages and employment using data from Uruguay in a period when unions were banned (1973-1984), then legalized with tripartite bargaining (1984-1991) followed by industry-wide or firm-specific bargaining (1992-1997). The relationship between wages and employment shifted significantly across these periods as evidenced by recursive residuals, which show structural shifts in five of six industries, with the shifts coming at the same time as the regime changes. Wages are exogenous to employment before 1985, but not afterwards. Wage elasticity and the employment-output elasticity fell sharply after 1984. Unions significantly raised wages in 1985-1992, but afterwards the change in bargaining structure and increased openness led to concessions. Starting in 1985, workers in unionized industries were less likely to be laid off than workers in nonunion industries.

Incongruent counterparts and the absolute nature of space in Kant’s 1768 essay, "Directions in Space"

This article argues that Kant’s argument from incongruent counterparts in his essay, Directions in Space (1768) yields not the conclusion that space is an objective reality, but rather that it is an absolute and dynamical framework that grounds spatial properties, a view which is neutral with respect to the objective/subjective nature of space. It is suggested that, so construed, Kant’s argument in this essay can be made consistent with his later employment in support of transcendental idealism with regard to space

An investigation of solid ink density variation as determined by the acceptability of overprints in process color printing

In order to establish limits which are representative of the allowable variation in solid ink density (SID) of the single process colors, as determined by the allowable variability of their overprints, a study was conducted utilizing fourteen (14) experienced color observers selected from printing companies in the Greater Rochester area. Printed color patches, at the 70% tint level of cyan, magenta, yellow, red (M+Y) , green (Y+C) , blue (M+C) and three-color overprints (Y+M+C) , were shown to observers, individually. In each group, the observer was asked to accept or reject the patch when compared to the reference standard in that group. The solid ink density of the process color or colors, which created the patch, were measured to determine the allowable variation in SID for the single colors, two and three-color over prints . The findings indicate that there is greater allow able variation when comparing single colors alone than when comparing their overprints. The standard deviations (S), ranges (R) and (R) average ranges of the allow able variation in SID for the colors utilized were: (See Thesis for Table). These findings and others would indicate that present standards, usually assigned to good quality color printing, such as -0.05, are unrealistic and unnecessary. The ranges allowed by these experienced color observers were as much as 0.42. Other significant findings show that magenta-reds are preferred to yellow-reds and that overall, increases in the magenta solid ink density were allowed more than increases in the cyan SID. There is conclusive evidence to show that these observers accepted greater variation in lightness than in hue and therefore would not accept as much hue change as lightness change. There is further evidence to indicate that it is important to monitor the hue change in the three-color overprints and near neutral colors, since these observers failed to accept comparatively small changes in SID in this region. It is, therefore, appropriate that the pressman vary SID on the press to maintain consistency in the overprints. In conclusion, it may be stated that densitometric values have been established which represent the allowable variation in SID of the single colors. These values are representative of the levels of the process colors on the press and could be applied towards a more effective method of controlling process color printing at the press

Robustness of reserve selection procedures under temporal species turnover

Complementarity-based algorithms for the selection of reserve networks emphasize the need to represent biodiversity features efficiently, but this may not be sufficient to maintain those features in the long term. Here, we use data from the Common Birds Census in Britain as an exemplar data set to determine guidelines for the selection of reserve networks which are more robust to temporal turnover in features. The extinction patterns found over the 1981-1991 interval suggest that two such guidelines are to represent species in the best sites where they occur (higher local abundance) and to give priority to the rarer species. We tested five reserve selection strategies, one which finds the minimum representation set and others which incorporate the first or both guidelines proposed. Strategies were tested in terms of their efficiency (inversely related to the total area selected) and effectiveness (inversely related to the percentage of species lost) using data on eight pairs of ten-year intervals. The minimum set strategy was always the most efficient, but suffered higher species loss than the others, suggesting that there is a trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness. A desirable compromise can be achieved by embedding the concerns about the long-term maintenance of the biodiversity features of interest in the complementarity-based algorithms