Interpersonal violence in peacetime Malawi.

Background: The contribution of interpersonal violence (IPV) to trauma burden varies greatly by region. The high rates of IPV in sub-Saharan Africa are thought to relate in part to the high rates of collective violence. Malawi, a country with no history of internal collective violence, provides an excellent setting to evaluate whether collective violence drives the high rates of IPV in this region. Methods: This is a retrospective review of a prospective trauma registry from 2009 through 2016 at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. Adult (\u3e16 years) victims of IPV were compared with non-intentional trauma victims. Log binomial regression determined factors associated with increased risk of mortality for victims of IPV. Results: Of 72 488 trauma patients, 25 008 (34.5%) suffered IPV. Victims of IPV were more often male (80.2% vs. 74.8%; p Discussion: Even in a sub-Saharan country that never experienced internal collective violence, IPV injury rates are high. Public health efforts to measure and address alcohol use, and studies to determine the role of mob justice, poverty, and intimate partner violence in IPV, in Malawi are needed. Level of evidence: Level III

Landscape development for Hodgeman County State Lake

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1959 G3

Evolution of a western Arctic ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone

A comprehensive set of autonomous, ice-ocean measurements were collected across the Canada Basin to study the summer evolution of the ice-ocean boundary layer (IOBL) and ocean mixed layer (OML). Evaluation of local heat and freshwater balances and associated turbulent forcing reveals that melt ponds strongly influence the summer IOBL-OML evolution. The areal expansion and drainage of melt ponds resulted in a substantial increase in upper ocean heat storage (39 MJm-2) and development of the summer mixed layer and near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM). 1-D boundary layer model results show that melt pond drainage provided sufficient buoyancy to the summer halocline to prevent subsequent wind events from mixing out the NSTM. Ice Camp observations captured the development of a second shallower NSTM in late summer; however, meltwater contributions were inadequate to sustain this feature when winds increased. In the marginal ice zone (MIZ), thermal heterogeneities in the upper ocean led to large ocean-to-ice heat fluxes (100–200 Wm-2) and enhanced basal ice melt (3–6 cm-day-1). Calculation of the upper ocean heat budget shows that the extensive area of deteriorating sea ice observed away from the ice edge during the 2014 season, termed the thermodynamically forced MIZ, was driven primarily by local solar radiative heat input. .http://archive.org/details/evolutionofweste1094550548Commander, United States NavyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Formal kinetics of H1N1 epidemic

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The formal kinetics of the H1N1 epidemic seems to take the form of an exponential curve. There is a good correlation between this theoretical model and epidemiological data on the number of H1N1-infected people. But this formal model leads to paradoxes about the dates when everyone becomes infected: in Mexico this will happen after one year, then in the rest of the world.</p> <p>Further implications of the formal model</p> <p>The general limitations of this formal kinetics model are discussed. More detailed modeling is examined and the implications are examined in the light of currently available data. The evidence indicates that not more than 10% of the population is initially resistant to the H1N1 virus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We are probably only at the initial stage of development of the H1N1 epidemic. Increasing the number of H1N1-resistant people in future (e.g. due to vaccination) may influence the dynamics of epidemic development. At present, the development of the epidemic depends only on the number of people in the population who are initially resistant to the virus.</p

Anomalous Variability in Antarctic Sea Ice Extents During the 1960s With the Use of Nimbus Data

The Nimbus I, II, and III satellites provide a new opportunity for climate studies in the 1960s. The rescue of the visible and infrared imager data resulted in the utilization of the early Nimbus data to determine sea ice extent. A qualitative analysis of the early NASA Nimbus missions has revealed Antarctic sea ice extents that are signicant larger and smaller than the historic 1979-2012 passive microwave record. The September 1964 ice mean area is 19.7x10 km +/- 0.3x10 km. This is more the 250,000 km greater than the 19.44x10 km seen in the new 2012 historic maximum. However, in August 1966 the maximum sea ice extent fell to 15.9x10 km +/- 0.3x10 km. This is more than 1.5x10 km below the passive microwave record of 17.5x10 km set in September of 1986. This variation between 1964 and 1966 represents a change of maximum sea ice of over 3x10 km in just two years. These inter-annual variations while large, are small when compared to the Antarctic seasonal cycle

Anomalous Variability in Antarctic Sea Ice Extents During the 1960s With the Use of Nimbus Data

The Nimbus I, II, and III satellites provide a new opportunity for climate studies in the 1960s. The rescue of the visible and infrared imager data resulted in the utilization of the early Nimbus data to determine sea ice extent. A qualitative analysis of the early NASA Nimbus missions has revealed Antarctic sea ice extents that are significant larger and smaller than the historic 1979-2012 passive microwave record. The September 1964 ice mean area is 19.7x10(exp 6) sq. km +/- 0.3x10(exp 6) sq. km. This is more the 250,000 sq. km greater than the 19.44x10(exp 6) sq. km seen in the new 2012 historic maximum. However, in August 1966 the maximum sea ice extent fell to 15.9x10(exp 6) sq. km +/- 0.3x10(exp 6) sq. km. This is more than 1.5x10(exp 6) sq. km below the passive microwave record of 17.5x10(exp 6) sq. km set in September of 1986. This variation between 1964 and 1966 represents a change of maximum sea ice of over 3x10(exp 6) sq. km in just two years. These inter-annual variations while large, are small when compared to the Antarctic seasonal cycle

Pediatric intestinal obstruction in Malawi: characteristics and outcomes

Abstract Background Intestinal obstruction (IO) is a common pediatric surgical emergency in sub-Saharan Africa with high morbidity and mortality, but little is known about its etiopathogenesis in Malawi. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients seen from February 2012 to June 2014 at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi (n = 3,407). Pediatric patients with IO were analyzed (n = 130). Results Overall, 57% of patients were male with a mean age of 3.5 ± 4.1 years. A total of 52% of patients underwent operative intervention. The overall mortality rate was 3%. Leading causes of IO were Hirschprung's 29%, anorectal malformation 18%, and intussusception 4%. Neonates and patients with congenital causes of IO underwent surgery less frequently than infants and/or children and patients with acquired causes, respectively. These groups also demonstrated increased number of days from admission to surgery. Conclusions Increasing pediatric-specific surgical education and/or training and expanding access to resources may improve mortality after IO in poor medical communities within sub-Saharan Africa

EXAMINATION OF CORROSION SPECIMENS FROM SLURRY BLANKET MOCKUP RUNS SM-6 THROUGH SM-9

Low attack rates (0.1 to 0.5 mpy) were displayed by coupon specimens of type 347 stainless steel, titanium RC-55, and Zircaloy-2 which were exposed for 2877.5 hr in an oxygenated slurry of Th--8% U oxide, 116.5 hr in water, 6.9 hr in 5% HNO/sub 3/, and 4.3 hr in 3% triscdium phosphate during mns SM-6 through SM-9 in the slurry blanket mockup. The leading coupon of type 347 stainless steel showed a slightly higher rate than the other stainless steel ccupons due to entrance effects. Specimens of SA-212-B carbon steel displayed average attack rates of 2.9 mpy. (auth