Effects of manufacturing dynamics on returns to education in the North of Mexico

This paper examines the pattern of the labor market appraisal of workers’ schooling, focusing on the Northern regions of the country. The manufacturing industry is studied in particular since a large part of the economic activity is located in the North, relative to the rest of the country’s regions. The change in the manufacturing industry has been affected by international shocks, trade agreement regulations and the entrance of stronger competitors with a supply of low-skill workers, such as Asian countries. Quantile estimation results show that the labor market valued less the additional years of education acquired by workers over the period from 1988 to 2011. Results show that workers at the lowest part of the distribution are the ones who seem to be most affected in terms of education investment by the decline of manufacturing activity in the Northern region

Health financing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for universal health care: a case study of 15 countries

Background The COVID-19 pandemic was a health emergency requiring rapid scal resource mobilisation to support national responses. The use of e ective health nancing mechanisms and policies, or lack thereof, a ected the impact of the pandemic on the population, particularly vulnerable groups and individuals. We provide an overview and illustrative examples of health nancing policies adopted in 15 countries during the pandemic, develop a framework for resilient health nancing, and use this pandemic to argue a case to move towards universal health coverage (UHC). Methods In this case study, we examined the national health nancing policy responses of 15 countries, which were purposefully selected countries to represent all WHO regions and have a range of income levels, UHC index scores, and health system typologies. We did a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, technical reports, and publicly available data on policy measures undertaken in response to the pandemic and complemented the data obtained with 61 in-depth interviews with health systems and health nancing experts. We did a thematic analysis of our data and organised key themes into a conceptual framework for resilient health nancing. Findings Resilient health nancing for health emergencies is characterised by two main phases: (1) absorb and recover, where health systems are required to absorb the initial and subsequent shocks brought about by the pandemic and restabilise from them; and (2) sustain, where health systems need to expand and maintain scal space for health to move towards UHC while building on resilient health nancing structures that can better prepare health systems for future health emergencies. We observed that ve key nancing policies were implemented across the countries— namely, use of extra-budgetary funds for a swift initial response, repurposing of existing funds, e cient fund disbursement mechanisms to ensure rapid channelisation to the intended personnel and general population, mobilisation of the private sector to mitigate the gaps in public settings, and expansion of service coverage to enhance the protection of vulnerable groups. Accountability and monitoring are needed at every stage to ensure e cient and accountable movement and use of funds, which can be achieved through strong governance and coordination, information technology, and community engagement. Interpretation Our ndings suggest that health systems need to leverage the COVID-19 pandemic as a window of opportunity to make health nancing policies robust and need to politically commit to public nancing mechanisms that work to prepare for future emergencies and as a lever for UHC.We thank the management team of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (National University of Singapore, Singapore) for all the administrative support given. This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Investment ID INV-005598)

Labour market outcomes in mexico

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

El efecto del consumo de alcohol sobre el trabajo adolescente en México

En México, uno de cada cuatro jóvenes de 12 a 17 años consume alcohol y se encuentra trabajando. El consumo de alcohol está asociado a una mayor probabilidad de trabajar a una edad temprana, y la situación laboral podría fomentar un mayor consumo de éste. Para controlar los sesgos por causalidad inversa y por selectividad, se utilizan como instrumentos la influencia de los pares y las emociones de los adolescentes. Los resultados indican una relación directa y robusta entre el consumo de alcohol y el trabajo de los adolescentes, de entre 2.07 y 2.34 puntos porcentuales

Adolescentes en trabajos peligrosos: análisis bajo un enfoque intergeneracional

El artículo analiza el efecto intergeneracional de la ocupación de los padres hacia sus hijos adolescentes que trabajan. La hipótesis es probar si la actividad económica de los padres influye en la probabilidad de que los jóvenes de 12 a 17 años se ocupen en trabajos peligrosos. Se propone una medida para cuantificar el trabajo peligroso multidimensional (TPM), cuyas estimaciones indican que el 31% de los adolescentes ocupados están en TPM. Los resultados evidencian que, si los adolescentes trabajan en el mismo sector económico del padre, la probabilidad de que estén ocupados en un TPM aumenta en 10.3 puntos porcentuales (pp). En contraste, si están en la misma actividad económica que la madre, se reduce entre 5.5 y 6.4 pp. Adolescents in hazardous work: analysis under an intergenerational approach Abstract The article analyzes the intergenerational effect of the parents' occupation towards their adolescent children who work. The hypothesis is to test whether the parents' economic activity influences the probability that adolescents between 12 and 17 years old will engage in dangerous jobs. We developed a measure to quantify multidimensional hazardous work (TPM), whose estimates indicate that 31% of employed adolescents are in TPM. Results show that, if adolescents work in the same economic sector as their father, their probability of being employed in a TPM increases by 10.3 percentage points (pp). In contrast, if it is the same economic activity as the mother, it reduces between 5.5 and 6.4 pp. Keywords: Hazardous work, adolescents, intergenerational effect, economic activity