4,286 research outputs found
Quantifying the Effect of Non-Larmor Motion of Electrons on the Pressure Tensor
In space plasma, various effects of magnetic reconnection and turbulence
cause the electron motion to significantly deviate from their Larmor orbits.
Collectively these orbits affect the electron velocity distribution function
and lead to the appearance of the "non-gyrotropic" elements in the pressure
tensor. Quantification of this effect has important applications in space and
laboratory plasma, one of which is tracing the electron diffusion region (EDR)
of magnetic reconnection in space observations. Three different measures of
agyrotropy of pressure tensor have previously been proposed, namely,
, and . The multitude of contradictory measures has
caused confusion within the community. We revisit the problem by considering
the basic properties an agyrotropy measure should have. We show that
, and are all defined based on the sum of the
principle minors (i.e. the rotation invariant ) of the pressure tensor. We
discuss in detail the problems of -based measures and explain why they may
produce ambiguous and biased results. We introduce a new measure
constructed based on the determinant of the pressure tensor (i.e. the rotation
invariant ) which does not suffer from the problems of -based
measures. We compare with other measures in 2 and 3-dimension
particle-in-cell magnetic reconnection simulations, and show that can
effectively trace the EDR of reconnection in both Harris and force-free current
sheets. On the other hand, does not show prominent peaks in
the EDR and part of the separatrix in the force-free reconnection simulations,
demonstrating that does not measure all the non-gyrotropic
effects in this case, and is not suitable for studying magnetic reconnection in
more general situations other than Harris sheet reconnection.Comment: accepted by Phys. of Plasm
Pengaruh Konflik terhadap Stres Kerja dan Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan
This study aims to determine the effect of the conflict on job stress, the effect of the conflict on employee job satisfaction and job stress influence on job satisfaction of employees at PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Branch Office Gajah Mada Denpasar. The type of data used is quantitative and qualitative data by source and use primary and secondary data. A total of 105 employees serve as the respondents in this study. Analysis of the data using confirmatory factor analysis, analysis of Structural Equation Modeling and evaluation of SEM assumptions. Based on the results of the discussion, the conclusion obtained that: conflict positive effect on job stress, conflict negatively affect the employee job satisfaction, job stress and negatively affect job satisfaction of employees at PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Branch Office Gajah Mada Denpasar
Coulomb scattering inducing time lag in strong-field tunneling ionization
We study ionization of atoms in strong elliptically-polarized laser fields.
We focus on the physical origin of the offset angle in the photoelectron
momentum distribution and its possible relation to a specific time. By
developing a model which is based on strong-field approximation and considers
the classical Coulomb scattering, we are able to quantitatively explain recent
attoclock experiments in a wide region of laser and atomic parameters. The
offset angle can be understood as arising from the scattering of the electron
by the ionic potential when the electron exits the laser-Coulomb-formed barrier
through tunneling. The scattering time is manifested as the Coulomb-induced
ionization time lag and is encoded in the offset angle.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
- …