Production of fish finger from sand smelt (Atherina boyeri, RISSO 1810) and determination of quality changes

In this study, changes of chemical, microbiological load and sensory properties of fish fingers prepared from sand smelt (Atherina boyeri, RISSO 1810) were investigated during storage (for 6 months at -18°C). The fish finger nutritional composition changed with the fish finger process. The changes in moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash components between fresh sand smelt and fish fingers were found to be significant at P < 0.05. C18:1 w-9 and C18:2 w-6 increased with pre-frying process. The values of pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiboarbutiric acid (TBA) at the end of the storage were determined as 6.737 ± 0.012, 19.583 ± 0.087 mg/100 g and 0.293 ± 0.013 μgMDA/g, respectively. According to sensory analyses scores, the fish fingers were fondly prefered by panellists. According to the results of the chemical, sensory and microbiological quality in fish, fish fingers were found within the acceptable limits during frozen storage for 6 months.Key words: Sand smelt, Atherine boyeri, fish finger, chemical quality, sensory quality, fatty acids

Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern response to urbanization in Kastamonu

This study analyses the spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover patterns in a typical mountain forest area in Kastamonu regional directorate of forestry in the western part of Turkey. The area was investigated by evaluating the temporal changes of spatial structure of forest conditions through spatial analysis of forest cover type maps from 1984 - 2007 using GIS and FRAGSTATSTM. Urban settlements account for only two percent of the Earth’s land surface. However, over half of theworld’s population resides in cities (United Nations, 2001). The quantitative evidences presented here showed that there were drastic changes in the temporal and spatial dynamics of land use/land cover. As an overall change between 1987 and 2000, there was a net increase of 28.96% in total settlement areas. On one hand, forest areas increased to 111 466 ha and settlement areas increased to 1 440 ha, while on the other hand, open areas decreased to 112 888 ha. This is partially due to migration of rural population in Kastamonu regional directorate of forestry. In terms of spatial configuration, analysis of the metrics revealed that landscape structure in study area had changed substantially over the 13-yearstudy period, resulting in fragmentation of the landscape as indicated by the small patch numbers and the large mean patch sizes due to immigration of rural population to urban population

Effects of pan frying with different oils on some of the chemical components, quality parameters and cholesterol levels of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The changes in chemical composition, cholesterol and fatty acids have been determined in raw and fried rainbow trout. Olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, margarine and butter were used in the frying process. Moisture content was decreased and protein, fat, ash and cholesterol contents were increased after frying. Differences in moisture, protein, fat, and ash content between the samples were significant (P < 0.05). pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values were within the limiting depletability values. In the fish fried with sunflower oil and corn oil, an important amount of decrease (P < 0.05) was determined for myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, linolenic, arashidic, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, an important amount of increase (P < 0.05) was determined in heptadecanoic, oleic, and linoleic acid. DHA content was decreased in all oil groups. Cholesterol level was increased with the use of butter. The lowest level of cholesterol was observed in fish fried with margarine.Key words: Rainbow trout, frying, fatty acid, cholesterol

Some Reproductive Features of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril, 1858) and its Larval Development under Culture Conditions

In this study, some reproductive features of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril, 1858) populations in Aksu, Eşen, Alara and Alakır streams in Turkey were examined and larval development was also investigated in two different culture conditions established on Eşen Stream (Trial 1) and at the Research Unit of Eğirdir Faculty of Fisheries at Süleyman Demirel University (Trial 2). The spawning time of brown trout in Aksu Stream in the second half of December was different from other localities, at the end of the January and in the first week of February. The gonadosomatic index values ranged between 17.5 and 19.8%, the mean egg diameters of females in all localities were between 3.51 and 3.78 mm (P<0.05). The incubation lasted for 370 and 390 day-degree (10.5-10.9 ºC), and the yolk-sac of the larvae was absorbed in 28 and 32 days in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The mean live weight (LW), total length (TL) and mouth widths (MW) in start-fed larvae and those with absorbed yolk-sac in both trials showed non significant differences before the 25th day of the trial. On the 25th, 50th, 75th and 100th day, the mean LW, TL and MW values of the larvae in the trial 1, however, ranged from 108.30 to 547.30 mg, 23.05 to 42.74 mm and 2441 to 3993 µm; whereas these values in trial 2 were 91.30 to 366.60 mg; 20.04 to 35.18 mm and 2123 to 3386 µm, respectively. The differences among the mean values were significant (P<0.05)

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Yield of forests in Ankara Regional Directory of Forestry in Turkey: comparison of regression and artificial neural network models based on statistical and biological behaviors

Models of forest growth and yield provide important information on stand and tree developments and the interactions of these developments with silvicultural treatments. These models have been developed based on assumptions such as independence of observations, uncorrelated error terms, and error terms with constant variance; if these factors are absent, there may be problems with multicollinearity, autocorrelation, or heteroscedasticity, respectively. These problems, which have several adverse effects on parameter estimates, are statistical phenomena and must be avoided. In recent years, the artificial neural network (ANN) model, thanks to its superior features such as the ability to make successful predictions and the absence of the requirement for statistical assumptions, has been commonly used in forestry modeling. However, while goodness-of-fit measures were taken into consideration in the assessment of ANN models, the control of the biological characteristics of model predictions was ignored. In this study, variable-density yield models were developed using nonlinear regression and ANN techniques. These modeling techniques were compared based on some goodness-of-fit measures and the principles of forest yield. The results showed that ANN models were more successful in meeting expected biological patterns than regression models

Genya Dağı (Artvin) Yöresinde Ayırt Edilen Ekolojik Toprak Serileri İle Verimlilik Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışma, Artvin Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü, Artvin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü, Merkez İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisinde yer alan Genya Dağı bölgesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Orman yetişme ortamlarının tanımlanması; orman yetiştirmeye ve işletmeye etkili olan özelliklere dayandırılmaktadır. Bu özelliklerin hangisi veya hangilerine göre orman yetişme ortamı birimlerinin ayırt edileceği yörenin genel ekolojik özelliklerine bağlıdır. Bitki hayatını etkileyen bir çok ekolojik etmen bulunmaktadır. Bunlar içerisinde ekolojik toprak serileri; orman ağaçlarının kök hacmini ve bu mekanda bitki hayatını etkileyen toprak özelliklerini kapsamaktadır. Genya Dağı bölgesinde ekolojik toprak serileri anakaya, toprak türü, fizyolojik toprak derinliği, faydalanılabilir su kapasitesi ve taşlılık oranına göre ayırt edilmiştir. Böylece araştırma alanındaki orman ağaçlarının gelişimini etkileyen (olumlu veya olumsuz) önemli toprak özelliklerinden benzer olanlar bir araya getirilerek ekolojik toprak serileri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca her bir ekolojik toprak serisi üzerindeki ormanların aktüel verimlilikleri belirlenerek ekolojik toprak serileri ile ilişkiye getirilmiştir. Ayırt edilen ekolojik toprak serileri coğrafi bilgi sistemleri yardımıyla haritalanmıştır