38 research outputs found

    HURWITZ sayıları üzerinde döngüsel çizge yardımı ile mükemmel kod elde etme

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    06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Üç bölümden oluşan bu çalışmada, ilk bölümde cebir ve kodlama teorisinden bazı temel tanım ve teoremler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde Gauss tamsayılarında yapılmış olan t-mükemmel kümeler ile ilgili çalışma açıklanmış ve örneklendirilmiştir. Son bölümde ise Gauss tamsayıları üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar Hurwitz sayılarına aktarılmıştır

    TRAIL promotes the polarization of human macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype and is associated with increased survival in cancer patients with high tumor macrophage content

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    BackgroundTNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can either induce cell death or activate survival pathways after binding to death receptors (DRs) DR4 or DR5. TRAIL is investigated as a therapeutic agent in clinical trials due to its selective toxicity to transformed cells. Macrophages can be polarized into pro-inflammatory/tumor-fighting M1 macrophages or anti-inflammatory/tumor-supportive M2 macrophages and an imbalance between M1 and M2 macrophages can promote diseases. Therefore, identifying modulators that regulate macrophage polarization is important to design effective macrophage-targeted immunotherapies. The impact of TRAIL on macrophage polarization is not known.MethodsPrimary human monocyte-derived macrophages were pre-treated with either TRAIL or with DR4 or DR5-specific ligands and then polarized into M1, M2a, or M2c phenotypes in vitro. The expression of M1 and M2 markers in macrophage subtypes was analyzed by RNA sequencing, qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the macrophages against U937 AML tumor targets was assessed by flow cytometry. TCGA datasets were also analyzed to correlate TRAIL with M1/M2 markers, and the overall survival of cancer patients.ResultsTRAIL increased the expression of M1 markers at both mRNA and protein levels while decreasing the expression of M2 markers at the mRNA level in human macrophages. TRAIL also shifted M2 macrophages towards an M1 phenotype. Our data showed that both DR4 and DR5 death receptors play a role in macrophage polarization. Furthermore, TRAIL enhanced the cytotoxicity of macrophages against the AML cancer cells in vitro. Finally, TRAIL expression was positively correlated with increased expression of M1 markers in the tumors from ovarian and sarcoma cancer patients and longer overall survival in cases with high, but not low, tumor macrophage content.ConclusionsTRAIL promotes the polarization of human macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype via both DR4 and DR5. Our study defines TRAIL as a new regulator of macrophage polarization and suggests that targeting DRs can enhance the anti-tumorigenic response of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment by increasing M1 polarization

    Analog saat ağacı sentezi

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    Thesis (M.A.)--Özyeğin University, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, January 2014.Anahtarlamalı analog devrelerin (AAD) saat ağı tasarımı ciddi zaman gerektiren ve yongaların tekrar elden geçirilmesine sebep olabilecek hatalara açık, elle yapılan bir işlemdir. Bu probleme otomatik ya da yarı-otomatik bir çözüm getirmenin sektöre büyük katkısı olacaktır. Problemin dijital alandaki karşılığı olan saat ağı sentezinin otomasyonu mümkün olup, halihazırda bu işi yapan ticari yazılımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, bizi problemin analog alandaki karşılığının otomasyonu üzerinde çalışmaya teşvik etti. Problemin analog hali dijital karşılığıyla benzer olmakla beraber bazı kilit noktalarda farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Dijital problemdeki amaç kaynak saat sinyalini sıfır kaykı ile binlerce noktaya iletmek iken, analog devrelerde hedef kaynak saat sinyalini yüzlerce noktaya bazı noktalar arasında bir miktar kaykı olacak şekilde iletmektir. Ayrıca analog tasarımda kaynak saat sinyalinin bölünmüş versiyonlarını üretip, bu üretilmiş sinyallerin kaykılarını kaynak saat sinyaline bağlı olarak sınırlandırmak da problemin bir parçası olabilir. Yaklaşımımız AAD saat ağı devre tasarımını hızlandırmakla kalmayıp, tasarımın tekrarına sebep olacak hataların oluşumunu da azaltmaktadır. Yaklaşımımızın bir faydası da devredeki saat yollarının simetrik ayarlanması için vakit harcamaya gerek kalmamasından dolayı analog devrenin tasarımının süresinin de kısalmasıdır. önerdiğimiz akış, gereksinim analizi, hedef belirleme, dizayn & sentez ve doğrulama adında dört aşamadan oluşmaktadır. İlk aşama olan gereksinim analizi, analog tasarımcı ile mülakat yaparak başlayıp, analog tasarımdan bazı fiziksel parametrelerin elde edilmesi ile devam edip, saat fazları ve bu fazlar arasındaki ilişkileri içeren bir listenin hazırlanmasıyla bitmektedir. Hedef belirleme isimli ikinci aşamada graf bazlı programlar kullanılmaktadır. Burada, özelleşmiş bir "en uzun yol" problemini birinci fazda elde edilen kısıtları sağlayan bir saat çizelgesi çıkarmak amacıyla etkin bir biçimde çözmekteyiz. Üçüncü aşamada saat devre sentezi problemini iç ve dış saat ağacı adında iki seviyeye ayırıp, bir önceki aşamada üretilen hedefleri otomatik olarak kullandığımız ticari saat ağı sentez yazılımına iletmekteyiz. Son aşama olan doğrulama aşamasında, ilk aşamada elde ettiğimiz zamanlama kısıtlarını sağlayıp sağlamadığımızı test etmekteyiz. Burada ayrıca devrenin etkin bit sayısı (EBS) gibi başarım ölçütlerini sağlayıp sağlamadığını kontrol etmek amacıyla SPICE simulasyonları da yapmaktayız. Vardığımız sonuç, önerdiğimiz akışın tasarım süresini önemli ölçüde azaltıp, hata ihtimalini oldukça azalttığı yönündedir. Akış sonucunda elde edilen EBS değerleri, akışı test tasarımımıza (10-bit 0.18 mikron 2-basamaklı farksal girişli 60 MSps Flash ADC) uyguladığımızda elimizdeki zaman kısıtları altında elde edebileceğimiz en olası EBS değerlerine oldukça yakın olduğumuzu göstermektedir. Son olarak, önerdiğimiz akışın üç fazını (üçüncü faz olan dizayn & sentez hariç) elle yapılan saat ağı tasarımında kullandığımız takdirde, elle yapılan tasarımı da daha sistematik, hızlı ve hataya toleranslı hale getirebildiğimizi (yarı-otomatik akış) belirtmeliyiz.Design of clock distribution circuits for Sampled Data Analog Circuits (SDACs), is a manual process that takes serious work hours and is susceptible to errors that cause silicon respins. Providing an automatic or even a semi-automatic solution to this problem will benefit the industry greatly. The equivalent problem in the digital domain, named clock tree synthesis, is fully automated, and there are commercial software that handle it. This encouraged us to work on an automated flow for the analog problem. The analog version of the problem is similar to the digital version but there are key differences. While the goal in the digital problem is to distribute a source clock to thousands of end points with zero skew, the analog problem aims to distribute a source clock to a few hundred points with deliberate skew between some end points. In the analog problem, sometimes generating divided versions of the source clock and constraining their skew with respect to the source clock may also be part of the problem. Our approach not only speeds up the design of clock circuits for SDACs but also reduces the chances of a respin. As an added benefit, it speeds up the design of analog circuit as the designer does not need to spend time to make sure the clock routes are symmetric inside the analog design. Our proposed flow has four phases, namely, requirements analysis, target determination, design \& synthesis, and verification. The first phase, requirements analysis, starts by interviewing the designer, continues with extraction of some physical parameters from the analog design, and results with a list of clock phases and timing constraints between them. The second phase of target determination has several graph-oriented tools. In this phase, we solve a specialized longest path problem efficiently to come up with a schedule of clock edges as a result that satisfies the constraints discovered in the first phase. In the third phase, we break up the clock circuit synthesis problem into two levels, namely, intrinsic and extrinsic clock trees, and drive a commercial clock tree synthesis software in an automated fashion with targets produced in the previous phase. The last phase is verification, in which we check to see if we satisfied the timing constraints we put together in the first phase. In this phase, we also do SPICE simulations and check if the circuit as a whole has acceptable figures of merit such as effective number of bits (ENOB). The conclusion is that our flow saves considerable design time and makes it less error-prone. The ENOBs obtained after our flow, when the flow is applied to a particular test design (a 10-bit 0.18 micron 2-step differential input 60 MSps Flash ADC), show that with this flow we are able to achieve ENOBs that are quite close to the best possible ENOBs under the given timing constraints. Last not but least, we have to mention that three phases of our flow (except the third one, design \& synthesis) can be used with a manual clock tree design approach to make it more systematic, hence faster and less error-prone (i.e., the semi-automatic flow).TÜBİTAK ; European Commissio

    Non-iridescent structural colors from uniform-sized SiO2 colloids

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    Structural colors have recently attracted interest from diverse fields of research due to their ease of fabrication and eco-friendliness. These types of colors are, in principle, achieved by periodically arranged submicron-diameter colloidal particles. The interaction of light with a structure containing long-range ordered colloidal particles leads to coloration; this usually varies depending on the angle of observation (iridescence). However, the majority of the applications demand constant color that is independent of the viewing angle (non-iridescence). In this work, silica colloids were obtained using the Stöber method at different sizes from 150 to 300 nm in an alcoholic dispersion. The casting of the dispersion on a substrate leaves behind a photonic crystal showing a colorful iridescent film. However, centrifugation and redispersion of the SiO2 particles into fresh solvent may cause the formation of small, aggregated silica domains in the new dispersion. The casting of this dispersion allows for the development of photonic glass, presumably due to the accumulation of aggregates showing stable colloidal film independent of viewing angle. Moreover, depending on the size of the silica colloids, non-iridescent photonic glasses with various colors (violet, blue, green, and orange) are obtained.Turkish Academy of Science

    Monitoring the doping and diffusion characteristics of Mn dopants in cesium lead halide perovskites

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    Cesium lead perovskites, in the form of CsPbX3 or Cs4PbX6, have been widely used for various optoelectronic applications due to their exceptionally good optical properties. In this study, the effect of Mn doping on the structural and optical properties of cesium lead halide perovskite crystals are investigated from both experimental and theoretical points of view. It is found that adding MnCl2 during the synthesis not only leads to a Mn-driven structural phase transition from Cs4PbBr6 to CsPbCl3 but also triggers the Br- to Cl- halide exchange. On the other hand, it is observed that, under UV illumination, the color of Mn-doped crystals changes from orange to blue in approximately 195 h. While the intensity of Mn-originated photoluminescence emission exponentially decays in time, the intensity of CsPbCl3-originated emission remains unchanged. In addition, diffusive motion of Mn ions results in both a growing population of MnO2 at the surface and transition of the host into a cesium-rich Cs4PbCl6 phase.TUBITAK (117F095
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