Are Proteinase 3 and Cathepsin C Enzymes Related to Pathogenesis of Periodontitis?

Aim. Cathepsin C is the activator of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived proteinase 3, which contributes to inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels in periodontal diseases. Design. Eighteen patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 20 patients with gingivitis, and 18 healthy subjects were included in the study. Periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, papilla bleeding index, and plaque index were assessed in all study subjects. GCF proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels were analyzed by ELISA. Results. GCF proteinase 3 total amount was significantly higher in diseased groups compared to control group, after adjusting age P0.05. Periodontal parameters of sampling sites were positively correlated with GCF proteinase 3 total amounts P0.05. Conclusions. Elevated levels of GCF proteinase 3 in CP, G-AgP, and gingivitis might suggest that proteinase 3 plays a role during inflammatory periodontal events in host response. However, cathepsin C in GCF does not seem to have an effect on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases

Adjunctive Effects of a Sub-Antimicrobial Dose of Doxycycline on Clinical Parameters and Potential Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Catabolism

Objectives: The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study was to examine the effectiveness of a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD) in combination with nonsurgical periodontal therapy, compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone, on potential gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers of periodontal tissue catabolism related to the clinical outcomes over a 12-month period. Materials and Methods: GCF was collected and clinical parameters were recorded from 30 periodontitis patients randomized either to an SDD or placebo group. The SDD group received SDD (20 mg) b.i.d for 3 months plus scaling and root planing (SRP), while the placebo group was given placebo capsules b.i.d for 3 months plus SRP. The patients were evaluated every 3 months during the 12-month study period. At each visit, clinical parameters and GCF sampling were repeated. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, myeloperoxidase (MPO), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5 (TRAP-5) were determined by IFMA and ELISA. Results: Significant improvements were observed in all clinical parameters in both groups over 12 months (p < 0.0125) while the SDD group showed significantly better reduction in gingival index (GI) and pocket depth and a gain in clinical attachment compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-8 and OPG levels significantly reduced in the SDD group compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-9 significantly decreased in both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MPO significantly decreased at 3 and 9 months in the SDD group, while it significantly decreased at 6 months in the placebo group (p < 0.05). TRAP and MMP-13 could be detected in none of the samples. Conclusions: The present results indicate that three months of adjunctive usage of SDD to nonsurgical periodontal therapy compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone in periodontitis patients results in further improvement of clinical periodontal parameters and GCF markers of periodontal tissue breakdown over a 12-month period. Beneficial effects of adjunctive SDD therapy is likely to be related to the reduced levels of two major periodontitis-associated MMPs, MMP-8 and -9, and their potential oxidative activator MPO

Adjunctive Effects of a Sub-Antimicrobial Dose of Doxycycline on Clinical Parameters and Potential Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Catabolism

Objectives: The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study was to examine the effectiveness of a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD) in combination with nonsurgical periodontal therapy, compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone, on potential gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers of periodontal tissue catabolism related to the clinical outcomes over a 12-month period. Materials and Methods: GCF was collected and clinical parameters were recorded from 30 periodontitis patients randomized either to an SDD or placebo group. The SDD group received SDD (20 mg) b.i.d for 3 months plus scaling and root planing (SRP), while the placebo group was given placebo capsules b.i.d for 3 months plus SRP. The patients were evaluated every 3 months during the 12-month study period. At each visit, clinical parameters and GCF sampling were repeated. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, myeloperoxidase (MPO), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5 (TRAP-5) were determined by IFMA and ELISA. Results: Significant improvements were observed in all clinical parameters in both groups over 12 months (p < 0.0125) while the SDD group showed significantly better reduction in gingival index (GI) and pocket depth and a gain in clinical attachment compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-8 and OPG levels significantly reduced in the SDD group compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-9 significantly decreased in both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MPO significantly decreased at 3 and 9 months in the SDD group, while it significantly decreased at 6 months in the placebo group (p < 0.05). TRAP and MMP-13 could be detected in none of the samples. Conclusions: The present results indicate that three months of adjunctive usage of SDD to nonsurgical periodontal therapy compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone in periodontitis patients results in further improvement of clinical periodontal parameters and GCF markers of periodontal tissue breakdown over a 12-month period. Beneficial effects of adjunctive SDD therapy is likely to be related to the reduced levels of two major periodontitis-associated MMPs, MMP-8 and -9, and their potential oxidative activator MPO

Are Proteinase 3 and Cathepsin C Enzymes Related to Pathogenesis of Periodontitis?

Aim. Cathepsin C is the activator of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived proteinase 3, which contributes to inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels in periodontal diseases. Design. Eighteen patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 20 patients with gingivitis, and 18 healthy subjects were included in the study. Periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, papilla bleeding index, and plaque index were assessed in all study subjects. GCF proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels were analyzed by ELISA. Results. GCF proteinase 3 total amount was significantly higher in diseased groups compared to control group, after adjusting age ( &lt; 0.05). No differences were found in GCF cathepsin C levels among the study groups ( &gt; 0.05). Periodontal parameters of sampling sites were positively correlated with GCF proteinase 3 total amounts ( &lt; 0.01) but not with cathepsin C total amounts ( &gt; 0.05). Conclusions. Elevated levels of GCF proteinase 3 in CP, GAgP, and gingivitis might suggest that proteinase 3 plays a role during inflammatory periodontal events in host response. However, cathepsin C in GCF does not seem to have an effect on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases

Yeni enflamatuar mediyatörlerden lökotrienlerin periodontal hastalığın patogenezindeki rolü

Leukotrienes, the products of the arachidonic acid via lypoxygenase enzyme cascade released from the cell membrane phospholipids play an important role on the onset, extent and result of inflammatory reaction. Leukotrienes have a wide range of biological activities that can be responsible for the events such as inflammatory reaction and connective tissue destruction in periodontal disease. in the present study, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) leukotriene levels were investigated in 15 patients with adult periodontitis and 5 periodontally healthy subjects. the leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4) were extracted from the GCF samples by solid-phase method using Sep-Pack C18 cardridge and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Due to the method sensitivity level, no leukotriene was detected in GCF samples of periodontally healthy subjects. Higher GCF LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTK4 levels were detected in adult periodontitis patients compared to the healthy subjects (p;lt;0.00006). These results suggest that, because of the role of leukotrienes in inflammatory reactions and local events specific for periodontal disease, these biological mediators should be considered as potential factors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.Hücre membranı kaynaklı fosfolipidlerden ayrılan araşidonik asitten lipooksijenaz enzimi ile oluşan lökotrienlerin, enflamatuar reaksiyonların oluşumu, sürmesi ve sonuçlanmasında önemli rol oynadıkları bilinmektedir. Periodontal hastalıklardaki enflamatuar olayların ve bağ dokusu yıkımı gibi olayların ortaya çıkmasında lökotrienlerin sorumlu olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, 15 erişkin periodontitisli hastadan ve periodontal açıdan sağlıklı 5 bireyden alınan dişeti oluğu sıvısı örneklerinde lipid mediyatörterinin seviyelerinin araştırılmasıdır. Lökotrienler dişeti oluğu sıvısından Sep-Pak C18 kartrujları kullanılarak solid faz ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile ayrıldı, yüksek basınçlı likid kromatografi (HPLC) yöntemi ile kantitatif olarak tayin edildi. Erişkin periodontitisli bireylerden alınan dişeti oluğu sıvısı örneklerinde, sağlıklı bireylerdekine kıyasla oldukça yüksek seviyelerde LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, ve LTE4 saptanmıştır (p0.00006). Çok geniş biyolojik etkilere sahip olan bu mediyatörler lokal enflamatuar reaksiyonları kontrol ederek ve hastalığa özgü tüm semptomları oluşturarak periodontal hastalığın patofizyolojisinde rol oynayabilir

Annexin-A1, Karbonik Anhidraz-1 Ve Elongasyon Faktör-1 Gamma Düzeylerinin Periodontal Hastalıklarda Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, olası yeni biomarkırların Annexin-A1 (ANX A1), Karbonik anhidraz-1 (CA I) ve Elongasyon Faktör-1 Gamma (EF1-Ɣ)'nın dişeti oluğu sıvısı (DOS) düzeylerini sağlıklı ve farklı periodontal hastalıklar ile birlikte araştırmaktır. Gereç ve yöntemler: Çalışmaya sistemik olarak sağlıklı 20'si periodontitis evre 3 derece B (P-Evre III/B), 20'si periodontitis evre 3 derece C (P-Evre III/C), 19'u gingivitis ve 21'i klinik olarak sağlıklı periodonsiyum olmak üzere toplam 80 birey dahil edildi. Sondlanan cep derinliği, klinik ataçman düzeyi, plak indeksi ve papiller kanama indeksi kaydedildi. DOS ANX A1, CA I ve EF1-Ɣ seviyeleri enzime bağlı immünosorbent tahlili (ELISA) ile analiz edildi. İstatistiksel analiz için non parametrik testler kullanıldı. Bulgular: Periodontitis hastalarında tüm klinik parametreler sağlıklı bireylere göre anlamlı derecede yüksekti (p&lt;0.001). P-Evre III/B, P-Evre III/C, gingivitis ve sağlıklı gruplar benzer DOS ANXA1 ve CAI total miktarına sahipti (p&gt;0.008). P-Evre III/B ve P-Evre III/C, sağlıklı gruplara göre daha düşük EF1-Ɣ total miktarına sahipti (p&lt;0.008). Gingivitis grubunda, P-Evre III/B ve sağlıklı gruplardan daha yüksek DOS EF1-Ɣ vardı (p &lt; 0.008). DOS EF-1α düzeyi, ROC analizine göre gingivitis tanısı için öngörülebilir bir proteindi (duyarlılık% 100, özgüllük% 81, 201 kesme değeri). Sonuçlar: Gingivitiste yüksek DOS EF1-Ɣ seviyeleri, EF1-Ɣ 'nın dişeti iltihabı ile ilişkili olabileceği anlamına gelebilir. DOS EF1-Ɣ seviyeleri iyi tanısal değerler göstermiştir; böylece periodontitisi gingivitis ve periodontal sağlıktan ayırt etmek için faydalı olabilir. Bu moleküllerin periodontal hastalık patogenezindeki rolünü aydınlatmak için daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.Anahtar Kelimeler: dişeti oluğu sıvısı, periodontitis, gingivitis&nbsp;Aim: The present study aimed to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of possible novel biomarkers Annexin-A1 (ANX A1), Carbonic anhydrase- 1 (CA I), and Elongation Factor-1 Gamma (EF1-Ɣ) in health along with different periodontal diseases. Material &amp; methods: In total, 80 systemically healthy individuals were included in this study; 20 with periodontitis stage 3 grade B (P-Stage III/B), 20 with periodontitis stage 3 grade C (P-Stage III/C), 19 with gingivitis, and 21 with clinically healthy periodontium (H). Probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and papillary bleeding index were recorded. GCF ANX A1, CA I and EF1-Ɣ levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Non-parametrical tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: All clinical parameters were significantly higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals (p&lt;0.001). PStage III/B, P-Stage III/C, gingivitis and healthy groups had similar GCF ANX A1 and CA I total (p&gt; 0.008). P-Stage III/B and P-Stage III/C had lower EF-1α total amount compared to healthy groups (p&lt; 0.008). The gingivitis group had higher GCF EF1-Ɣ than the P-Stage III/B and healthy groups (p &lt; 0.008). The GCF EF1-Ɣ level was a predictive protein for the diagnosis of gingivitis according to the ROC analysis (sensitivity 100%, specificity 81%, 201 cut-off value). Conclusions: The elevated GCF EF1-Ɣ levels in gingivitis imply that EF1-Ɣ may be associated with gingival inflammation. GCF EF1-Ɣ levels showed good diagnostic values, therefore may be useful to discriminate periodontitis from gingivitis and periodontal health. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of these molecules in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease.Keywords: gingival crevicular fluid , periodontitis, gingivitis&nbsp;</p