Danske domstole mellem tradition og fornyelse

The Danish Judiciary was reformed in 1999 as to the important question of appointing new judges. The traditional recruitment of judges in Denmark has predominantly taken place within the cadre of the Danish Ministry of Justice and the explicit purpose of the reform was to alter this tradition and to ensure a broader and more open appointment of judges to the various levels in the court system. However, recent surveys of appointments display a limited movement towards innovation and diversity. The vast majority of new judges are still recruited from within the court system itself or the Ministry of Justice. Although the debate on appointment of judges is controversial in a Danish context, especially among the courts themselves, the article argues that the court system is obliged to implement the reform from 1999 and that the Danish judiciary has an interest in creating diversity among judges and ensuring its independence.

Ombudsmandens personlige prægning af ombudsmandskontrollen

The term ombudsman is a double reference and the ombudsman is thus a person as well as an institution. is applies for the Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman. In most legal theory on the ombudsman the institutional perspective is prevalent and the ombudsman is to a wide extent perceived through the same legal lenses as e.g. the courts as protectors of citizens’ rights. is approach is challenged in this article that focuses on the ombudsman as a person and as a personi ed control body. e following analysis comprises discussions of the personal element of the ombudsman vis-à-vis the selection of suitable cases and vis-à-vis the general interpretative strategies towards signi cant parts of the ombudsman review activities. Moreover, the article sheds light on the recent revision of the Danish ombudsman act limiting the employment period of a given ombudsman to ten years. e ombudsman is still appointed by the Parliament, however, and the ombudsman will continuously operate in a complex political-legal landscape.

Impairment of gut microbial biotin metabolism and host biotin status in severe obesity: effect of biotin and prebiotic supplementation on improved metabolism

Objectives Gut microbiota is a key component in obesity and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanisms and metabolites central to this interaction remain unclear. We examined the human gut microbiome\u27s functional composition in healthy metabolic state and the most severe states of obesity and type 2 diabetes within the MetaCardis cohort. We focused on the role of B vitamins and B7/B8 biotin for regulation of host metabolic state, as these vitamins influence both microbial function and host metabolism and inflammation. Design We performed metagenomic analyses in 1545 subjects from the MetaCardis cohorts and different murine experiments, including germ-free and antibiotic treated animals, faecal microbiota transfer, bariatric surgery and supplementation with biotin and prebiotics in mice. Results Severe obesity is associated with an absolute deficiency in bacterial biotin producers and transporters, whose abundances correlate with host metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes. We found suboptimal circulating biotin levels in severe obesity and altered expression of biotin-associated genes in human adipose tissue. In mice, the absence or depletion of gut microbiota by antibiotics confirmed the microbial contribution to host biotin levels. Bariatric surgery, which improves metabolism and inflammation, associates with increased bacterial biotin producers and improved host systemic biotin in humans and mice. Finally, supplementing high-fat diet-fed mice with fructo-oligosaccharides and biotin improves not only the microbiome diversity, but also the potential of bacterial production of biotin and B vitamins, while limiting weight gain and glycaemic deterioration. Conclusion Strategies combining biotin and prebiotic supplementation could help prevent the deterioration of metabolic states in severe obesity