Analysis of Ni on Si-wafer surfaces using synchrotron radiation excited total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis

Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis excited with synchrotron radiation (SR-TXRF) monochromatized by a multilayer (ML) has been used for the analysis of Ni on Si-wafer surfaces. Intentionally contaminated wafers using droplet samples have been used to determine the detection limits. Two different kinds of the geometrical arrangement of sample and detector have been compared, one of them resulting in detection limits of 13 fg for Ni. Experiments have been performed at Hasylab, Beam L using a bending magnet radiation. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V

The structure of metallomicelles

The morphology of micelles formed by two novel metallosurfactants has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle-X-ray scattering (SAXS). The two surfactants both contain a dodecyl chain as the hydrophobic moiety, but differ in the structure of the head group. The surfactants are CuII complexes of monopendant alcohol derivatives of a) the face-capping macrocycle 1,4,7-triazacyclanonane (tacn), and b) an analogue based upon the tetraazamacrocycle 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane. Here, neutron scattering has been used to study the overall size and shape of the surfactant micelles, in conjunction with X-ray scattering to locate the metal ions. For the 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-based surfactant, oblate micelles are observed, which are smaller to the prolate micelles formed by the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane analogue. The X-ray scattering analysis shows that the metal ions are distributed throughout the polar head-group region, rather than at a well-defined radius; this is in good agreement with the SANS-derived dimensions of the micelle. Indeed, the same model for micelle morphology can be used to fit both the SANS and SAXS data

Postsuburbia en Europe et en Amérique

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Equality and diversity in jobs and services: City policies for migrants in Europe

European cities are faced with the ongoing challenge of integrating people from very different backgrounds. Access to jobs is recognised as a key dimension of this process, as is the provision of services that migrants can access fully and effectively, without discrimination. This report, published jointly with the Council of Europe, looks at equality and diversity policies in relation to employment and service provision for migrants in city administrations. It documents a range of positive initiatives taken to remove barriers to employment, such as targeted advertising of jobs in migrants’ languages, advanced language classes, translation of information about services provided, and training of staff to provide assistance in job applications. Figures on employment of migrants in CLIP cities are available in a separate annex