The role of cartoons on European generalist televisions between 2010 and 2020

Cartoons have been and still are a fundamental genre in children’s television programming and are a key product for the media industry due to their easy interpretation by children and their presence in distribution channels. This paper presents an analysis of the supply of children’s and cartoons broadcast over the last decade on 25 European general-interest television channels, both public and private, of Germany, Spain, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. The research findings focus on the genre programming strategies applied in terms of channels, broadcasting time slots and types of production in a multiplatform context driven by the consumption of digital content through streaming and SVOD services. The results show the continued leadership of cartoons in an environment of scarcity of children’s supply on European generalist television channels, reaffirming itself as a morning and weekend product highly shaped by commercial logics. However, distinctive programmatic policies are prominent in the role of public broadcasters in the supply of domestic products, both due to the broadcasting quotas of local cartoons and the consistency of their strategy over the period 2010-2020.Los dibujos animados han sido y son un género fundamental en las programaciones infantiles y un producto clave de la industria audiovisual por su fácil interpretación por parte del público infantil y su presencia en los circuitos de distribución. Este artículo presenta un análisis de la oferta infantil y de dibujos animados emitidos durante la última década en 25 televisiones generalistas europeas, públicas y privadas, de Alemania, España, Francia, Italia y Reino Unido. Los hallazgos de la investigación se centran en las estrategias de la oferta de este género respecto a la programación de las cadenas, las franjas de emisión y el tipo de producción que los operadores están programando en un entorno multiplataforma y de consumo de contenidos digitales por streaming y servicios SVOD. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el continuado liderazgo de los dibujos animados en un entorno de escasez de oferta infantil en las televisiones generalistas europeas, reafirmándose como un producto matinal y de fin de semanas altamente moldeado por unas lógicas comerciales. Sin embargo, también se observan unas políticas programáticas distintivas en el papel de los programadores públicos respecto a la oferta de productos domésticos, tanto por las cuotas de emisión de dibujos animados locales como por la constancia en su estrategia durante el periodo 2010-2020

Cryopreservation of Brown Bear Skin Biopsies

Genetic resource banks and assisted reproductive technologies support the conservation of endangered or threatened species. In this study we assessed two procedures to cryopreserve skin biopsies from live brown bears. Skin biopsies were taken from six live, anesthetized brown bears. Single biopsies (n = 3) of each animal were cut into small pieces and assigned to one of the three experimental groups: freezing, vitrification, or untreated fresh. There were no differences on cell attachment. However, both freezing and fresh culture allowed for higher cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and less days to reach 70% to 80% confluence (p < 0.03) than vitrification. Skin biopsies from brown bears can be preserved long term, allowing fibroblasts to proliferate in culture. Slow freezing was effective to cryopreserve skin biopsies from brown bears

The climactic conditions limit fruit production and quality in gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) under integrated fertilization

The gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) is one of the main fruit trees that are part of Colombia's export supply. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of chemical fertilizers alone (control) or together with integrated fertilization (humic acids or vermicompost; two separate treatments), on the yield and quality of gulupa fruit during two consecutive production cycles in the Colombian Amazon foothills. The climatic conditions were monitored and the phenological state of the plant was related to the average temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, solar radiation, and vapor pressure deficit. The integrated fertilization with vermicompost offered better values in productive parameters (fresh weight, number of fruits and equatorial diameter) irrespective of the cycle considered, but the fruit quality attributes were similar irrespective of the fertilization treatment tested. The fluctuations of the climatic variables of precipitation, relative humidity and solar radiation in both cycles (the second rainiest and affected by the ENSO phenomenon) reduced the quality of the fruit (whole fruit firmness by 19%, dry matter and pulp total titratable acidity by 24%, total soluble solids by 8%, individual sugars by 49%, organic acids by 63% and antioxidant capacity by 67%) as well as the productive parameters during the second cycle. These results demonstrate the high degree of influence exerted by the climate on productive and fruit quality attributes that are decisive in the production and marketing of the fruit.This research was supported by the Colombian Ministry of Science through the Bicentennial Doctoral Excellence Scholarship Program to F.M. Authors thank the technical staff of the Universidad Surcolombiana and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia who contributed to the development of this research. This work belongs to the doctoral thesis of F.M. supervised by Dr. M.S.H.G. and Dr. N.G.G. and is part of the collaboration agreement between the Sinchi Institute and the UPCT