Solvencia y competencia económica en el mercado de seguros de salud español

El principal objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es establecer cuáles son los efectos del cambio regulador de solvencia sobre el mercado nacional de seguros de enfermedad o salud conforme a los principios generales definidos por la Directiva de Solvencia II. Se analizan los efectos sobre la protección de los asegurados, la concentración del mercado y la competencia económica. Para la elaboración de este trabajo de investigación se han considerado los principios generales enunciados por la Directiva 2009/138/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de Europa, de 25 de noviembre de 2009, sobre el seguro de vida, el acceso a la actividad de seguro y de reaseguro y su ejercicio. La Directiva Solvencia II adopta un enfoque basado en el riesgo económico, de modo que el requerimiento de solvencia refleje el verdadero perfil de riesgo de las empresas de seguros y de reaseguros. El trabajo de investigación parte de un conjunto descriptivo que define el contexto que relaciona el mercado de seguros de salud español con la regulación de solvencia de las compañías aseguradoras. A partir de este conjunto descriptivo se desarrolla un modelo de escenarios que sirvede referencia para visualizar y deducir el comportamiento del mercado de seguros ante variaciones de las exigencias de la regulación de solvencia de las compañías aseguradoras. Para escenificar toda la investigación el estudio centra su análisis en el mercado de seguros de salud en España

Modelling Global Fossil CO2 Emissions with a Lognormal Distribution: A Climate Policy Tool

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have emerged as a critical issue with profound impacts on the environment, human health, and the global economy. The steady increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, largely due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, has become a major contributor to climate change and its associated catastrophic effects. To tackle this pressing challenge, a coordinated global effort is needed, which necessitates a deep understanding of emissions patterns and trends. In this paper, we explore the use of statistical modelling, specifically the lognormal distribution, as a framework for comprehending and predicting CO2 emissions. We build on prior research that suggests a complex distribution of emissions and seek to test the hypothesis that a simpler distribution can still offer meaningful insights for policy-makers. We utilize data from three comprehensive databases and analyse six candidate distributions (exponential, Fisk, gamma, lognormal, Lomax, Weibull) to identify a suitable model for global fossil CO2 emissions. Our findings highlight the adequacy of the lognormal distribution in characterizing emissions across all countries and years studied. Furthermore, to provide additional support for this distribution, we provide statistical evidence supporting the applicability of Gibrat's law to those CO2 emissions. Finally, we employ the lognormal model to predict emission parameters for the coming years and propose two policies for reducing total fossil CO2 emissions. Our research aims to provide policy-makers with accurate and detailed information to support effective climate change mitigation strategies.Comment: 28 pages, 6 figure

Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

Lipid peroxidation can be described generally as a process under which oxidants such as free radicals attack lipids containing carbon-carbon double bond(s), especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Over the last four decades, an extensive body of literature regarding lipid peroxidation has shown its important role in cell biology and human health. Since the early 1970s, the total published research articles on the topic of lipid peroxidation was 98 (1970–1974) and has been increasing at almost 135-fold, by up to 13165 in last 4 years (2010–2013). New discoveries about the involvement in cellular physiology and pathology, as well as the control of lipid peroxidation, continue to emerge every day. Given the enormity of this field, this review focuses on biochemical concepts of lipid peroxidation, production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of two main omega-6 fatty acids lipid peroxidation products: malondialdehyde (MDA) and, in particular, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), summarizing not only its physiological and protective function as signaling molecule stimulating gene expression and cell survival, but also its cytotoxic role inhibiting gene expression and promoting cell death. Finally, overviews of in vivo mammalian model systems used to study the lipid peroxidation process, and common pathological processes linked to MDA and 4-HNE are show

All-dielectric chiral metasurfaces based on crossed-bowtie nanoantennas

Circular dichroism spectroscopy is a technique used to discriminate molecular chirality, which is essential in fields like biology, chemistry, or pharmacology where different chiral agents often show different biological activities. Nevertheless, due to the inherently weak molecular-chiroptical activity, this technique is limited to high concentrations or large analyte volumes. Finding novel ways to enhance the circular dichroism would boost the performance of these techniques. So far, the enhancement of light?matter interaction mediated by plasmons is the most common way to develop chiral plasmonic structures with extraordinarily strong chiroptical responses. However, absorptive losses of metals at optical frequencies has hindered its practical use in many scenarios. In this work, we propose an all-dielectric low-loss chiral metasurface with unit cells built by high-refractive-index crossed-bowtie nanoantennas. These unit cells, built of silicon, strongly increase the chiroptical effect through the simultaneous interaction of their electric and magnetic modes, which in contrast to other recent proposals shows at the same time a high concentration of the electric field in its gap that leads to the presence of hotspots. The proposed structure exhibits a circular dichroism spectra up to 3-fold higher than that of previous proposals that use complex plasmonic or hybrid nanostructures, making it a clear alternative to develop low-loss metasurfaces with potential applications in chiral target sensing/biosensing. For completeness, single triangular shaped and symmetric (achiral) bowtie nanostructures were also studied as possible candidates for a detection up to the single-molecule level due the lack of a circular dichroism background of the nanostructures themselves.J.R.M.-S. acknowledges the financial support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq (305958/2018-6, 429496/2018-4). F.R.G. thanks the financial support from the Colombian agency COLCIENCIAS. P.A. acknowledges funding from the Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC-2016-20831 and from Programa Viera y Clavijo de la Agencia Canaria de Investigacion, Innovacion y Sociedad de la Informacion (ACIISI). This work was also partially supported by RNP, with resources from MCTIC, Grant No. 01250.075413/2018-04, under the Radiocommunication Reference Center (Centro de Referência em Radiocomunicações -CRR) project of the National Institute of Telecommunications (Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações Inatel), Brazil

Aplicaciones de herramienta AMEF en la industria 4.0 en los mantenimientos industriales en las empresas internacionales

Currently, the FMEA It is a tool for the technological development of Industry 4.0, which is why it is directed in the academic sector to train professionals with basic skills, especially in the professional sector, for this reason, this work proposes the use of failure modes and effects analysis. (FMEA) as an Industry 4.0 tool to analyze and perform all elements of industrial maintenance, identify maintenance trends and their analysis, and enable continuous engineering improvement. To understand this topic, we analyze the case of a machining laboratory where the use of Industry 4.0 is reflected as a tool for optimizing maintenance processes. Subsequently, the analysis is carried out using the industry 4.0 method. The purpose of this review is to understand the application of FMEA as an industrial maintenance tool for Industry 4.0, to determine the areas of opportunity for this tool in its future evolution, as it is intended to manifest in the industrial sectors. This research was carried out based on the PRISMA methodology. During the development, research search engines such as SCIELO, SPRINGER LINK, PROQUEST and GOOGLE ACADEMIC, REDALYC were used, and the criteria for delimiting journals in Spanish and English from 2015 to 2021 were used. From this review, the trends presented by the case study are analyzed in order to improve the analysis techniques through new methodologies immersed in the industrial sectors, extrapolating towards the educational and professional sector.En la actualidad el AMEF Es una herramienta para el desarrollo tecnológico de la Industria 4.0, en la que se ubica en el sector académico para formar profesionales con competencias básicas, por ello, este trabajo propone el uso de modos de falla y análisis de efectos. (AMEF) como una herramienta de Industria 4.0 para analizar y realizar todos los elementos del mantenimiento industrial, identificar tendencias de mantenimiento y su análisis, y permitir la mejora continua en la empresa. El propósito de esta revisión es entender la aplicación de la herramienta AMEF en el mantenimiento industrial de Industria 4.0, para determinar las áreas de oportunidad para su evolución futura, como se pretende manifestar en los sectores industriales. Esta investigación se trabajó basado en la metodología PRISMA, Durante el desarrollo se utilizaron buscadores de investigación como SCIELO, SPRINGER LINK, PROQUEST y GOOGLE ACADEMIC, REDALYC y se utilizaron los criterios de delimitación de revistas en español e inglés de 2015 a 2021. A partir de esta revisión, se analizan las tendencias que presenta el caso de estudio con la finalidad de mejorar las técnicas de análisis por medio de nuevas metodologías inmersas en los sectores industriales extrapolando hacia el sector educativo y profesional

Homogenization and corrector for the wave equation with discontinuous coefficients in time

In this paper we analyze the homogenization of the wave equation with bounded variation coefficients in time, generalizing the classical result, which assumes Lipschitz-continuity. We start showing a general existence and uniqueness result for a general sort of hyperbolic equations. Then, we obtain our homogenization result comparing the solution of a sequence of wave equations to the solution of a sequence of elliptic ones. We conclude the paper making an analysis of the corrector. Firstly, we obtain a corrector result assuming that the derivative of the coefficients in the time variable is equicontinuous. This result was known for non-time dependent coefficients. After, we show, with a counterexample, that the regularity hypothesis for the corrector theorem is optimal in the sense that it does not hold if the time derivative of the coefficients is just bounded