Evolution of sleep duration and sleep quality (mean ± SE) before the shifts (Day 0), during the shifts (D1), the rest day at home (D2), the clerical work day (D3) and during the control day.

<p>VAS = visual analog scale.</p

Descriptive characteristics of emergency physicians.

<p>Descriptive characteristics of emergency physicians.</p

Experimental protocol: three days of follow-up after each type of shift compare with a control day.

<p>IL-8: Interleukine-8. VAS: visual analog scale.</p

Cardiovascular risk of adipokines: a review

Over the last two decades, the understanding of adipose tissue has undergone radical change. The perception has evolved from an inert energy storage tissue to that of an active endocrine organ. Adipose tissue releases a cluster of active molecules named adipokines. The severity of obesity-related diseases does not necessarily correlate with the extent of body fat accumulation but is closely related to body fat distribution, particularly to visceral localization. There is a distinction between the metabolic function of central obesity (visceral abdominal) and peripheral obesity (subcutaneous) in the production of adipokines. Visceral fat accumulation, linked with levels of some adipokines, induces chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders, including glucose intolerance, hyperlipidaemia, and arterial hypertension. Together, these conditions contribute to a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, directly associated with the onset of cardiovascular disease. If it is well known that adipokines contribute to the inflammatory profile and appetite regulation, this review is novel in synthesising the current state of knowledge of the role of visceral adipose tissue and its secretion of adipokines in cardiovascular risk

Evolution of urinary IL-8 (mean±SE) during the shifts (Day 1) and on the clerical work day (D3) and during the control day.

<p>Evolution of urinary IL-8 (mean±SE) during the shifts (Day 1) and on the clerical work day (D3) and during the control day.</p

IL-8 levels: a multivariable generalized estimating equations regression.

!<p>Compared with the control shift.</p>!!<p>Similar results were found when the variables measuring sleep (quantity or quality) were adjusted for.</p><p>The model also adjusted for life-and-death emergencies (with no significant associations observed).</p

Multilevel Approach of a 1-Year Program of Dietary and Exercise Interventions on Bone Mineral Content and Density in Metabolic Syndrome – the RESOLVE Randomized Controlled Trial

<div><p>Background</p><p>Weight loss is a public health concern in obesity-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, restrictive diets might induce bone loss. The nature of exercise and whether exercise with weight loss programs can protect against potential bone mass deficits remains unclear. Moreover, compliance is essential in intervention programs. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects that modality and exercise compliance have on bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD).</p><p>Methods</p><p>We investigated 90 individuals with MetS who were recruited for the 1-year RESOLVE trial. Community-dwelling seniors with MetS were randomly assigned into three different modalities of exercise (intensive resistance, intensive endurance, moderate mixed) combined with a restrictive diet. They were compared to 44 healthy controls who did not undergo the intervention.</p><p>Results</p><p>This intensive lifestyle intervention (15–20 hours of training/week + restrictive diet) resulted in weight loss, body composition changes and health improvements. Baseline BMC and BMD for total body, lumbar spine and femoral neck did not differ between MetS groups and between MetS and controls. Despite changes over time, BMC or BMD did not differ between the three modalities of exercise and when compared with the controls. However, independent of exercise modality, compliant participants increased their BMC and BMD compared with their less compliant peers. Decreases in total body lean mass and negative energy balance significantly and independently contributed to decreases in lumbar spine BMC.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>After the one year intervention, differences relating to exercise modalities were not evident. However, compliance with an intensive exercise program resulted in a significantly higher bone mass during energy restriction than non-compliance. Exercise is therefore beneficial to bone in the context of a weight loss program.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00917917" target="_blank">NCT00917917</a></p></div

Compliance effect (360 days) on total body bone mineral content (BMC), lumbar spine BMC and femoral neck BMC for <i>re</i>, <i>Re</i> and <i>rE</i> groups.

<p><i>re</i>: moderate-resistance-moderate-endurance; <i>Re</i>: high-Resistance-moderate-endurance; <i>rE</i>: moderate-resistance-high-Endurance. * Compliant participants significantly different from non-compliants (p<0.05). ‡ Non-compliant participants significantly different from controls.</p

Changes (360 days) on total body bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), lumbar spine BMC and BMD and femoral neck BMC and BMD for <i>re</i>, <i>Re</i> and <i>rE</i> groups.

<p><i>re</i>: moderate-resistance-moderate-endurance; <i>Re</i>: high-Resistance-moderate-endurance; <i>rE</i>: moderate-resistance-high-Endurance. There were no significant differences in BMD and BMC parameters between <i>re</i>, <i>Re</i> and <i>rE</i> participants across the intervention. Participants in the intervention did not have significantly greater or lower bone mass or density development than controls.</p

Multilevel regression analysis of total body, lumber spine and femoral neck bone mineral content (BMC) aligned by days from study entry.

<p>Abbreviations: <i>re</i>, moderate-resistance-moderate-endurance; <i>Re</i>, high-Resistance-moderate-endurance; <i>rE</i>, moderate-resistance-high-Endurance.</p><p>Fixed effect values are presented as estimated mean coefficients ± SEE (standard error of estimate) of BMC in grams. Random effects values presented as estimated mean variance ± SEE (BMC) in grams². Days from start was centered around 180 days. Changes in total body lean mass, total body fat mass and central fat mass (g) from study entry.</p><p>Multilevel regression analysis of total body, lumber spine and femoral neck bone mineral content (BMC) aligned by days from study entry.</p