33 research outputs found

    Le diabÚte de type 2 et le déficit en vitamine D

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    Depuis quelques annĂ©es, la vitamine D occupe une place importante dans les thĂ©matiques de recherche et dans la littĂ©rature scientifique. Actuellement, la vitamine D doit ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme une hormone dont les effets dĂ©passent la prĂ©vention du rachitisme et de l ostĂ©omalacie. La vitamine D aurait de nombreuses actions extra-osseuses. Dans ce contexte, un lien a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couvert entre la vitamine D et le diabĂšte de type 2. En effet, cette vitamine pourrait interagir avec les diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes physiopathologiques rĂ©gissant l insulinosĂ©cretion, l insulinorĂ©sistance et les paramĂštres de l homĂ©ostasie glucidique. Elle pourrait Ă©galement intervenir sur les complications du diabĂšte de type 2. Or, le diabĂšte de type 2 devient un vĂ©ritable flĂ©au mondial. Il ressort un besoin urgent d une approche innovante dans la prĂ©vention et le traitement de cette pathologie.For a few years, vitamin D has played an important part role in research and scientific literature. Currently, vitamin D should be considered as an hormone whose effects go beyond the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D would have many extra bone actions. In this context, a link has been discovered between vitamin D and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, this vitamin could interact with different pathophysiological mechanisms regulating insulin secretion, insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis parameters. It could also intervene on complications of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes becomes a global scourge so we urgently need an innovative approach in the prevention and treatment of this disease.ANGERS-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Les surcharges en fer et les thérapeutiques chélatrices

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    Les surcharges en fer sont classĂ©es en deux groupes selon leur origine hĂ©rĂ©ditaire ou acquise. Le premier groupe concerne essentiellement l hĂ©mochromatose HFE qui est la surcharge gĂ©nĂ©tique la plus frĂ©quente. L'autre groupe correspond aux surcharges en fer acquises lors de transfusions sanguines rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es. Ces derniĂšres sont prescrites chez des patients atteints de maladies telles que la thalassĂ©mie majeure, la drĂ©panocytose et les syndromes myĂ©lodysplasiques. Au cours de cette thĂšse est dressĂ© un panorama de ces maladies oĂč sont abordĂ©s la physiopathologie et les aspects cliniques et thĂ©rapeutiques. Une attention particuliĂšre sera portĂ©e sur les mĂ©dicaments prescrits dans ce contexte car Ă  cĂŽtĂ© des techniques de soustraction veineuse pour soulager les patients de leur surcharge martiale, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es un certain nombre de molĂ©cules qui Ă©liminent sĂ©lectivement le fer, appelĂ©es chĂ©lateurs du fer. Le plus ancien est la dĂ©fĂ©roxamine, bien tolĂ©rĂ©e mais son administration par voie intraveineuse lente et contraignante a stimulĂ© la recherche vers de nouvelles molĂ©cules qui sont dĂ©crites dans ce travail. Par exemple, le dĂ©fĂ©rasirox, nouveau chĂ©lateur pris par voie orale, constitue une alternative intĂ©ressante. La conception d un nouveau chĂ©lateur est trĂšs exigeante et les principaux critĂšres que doit respecter un chĂ©lateur Ă  visĂ©e thĂ©rapeutique sont prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce travail de thĂšse. Enfin, le texte aborde les nouvelles applications dont font l'objet ces chĂ©lateurs du fer qui s avĂšrent Ă©galement efficaces dans la lutte en infectiologie contre la rĂ©sistance des bactĂ©ries Ă  certains antibiotiques ou dans des maladies aussi importantes que le paludisme ou les cancers.ANGERS-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Utilisation in vitro du DesféralŸ en tant que sidérophore par Rhizopus oryzae, agent de mucormycose humaine

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    ANGERS-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Influence de l'instabilité microsatellite et de l'expression d'HSP100deltaE9 sur la survie et la réponse à la chimiothérapie à base de 5-FU dans les cancers colorectaux

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    L instabilitĂ© microsatellite (MSI) dans les cancers colorectaux (CCR), est considĂ©rĂ©e comme un facteur de bon pronostic et un marqueur de mauvaise rĂ©ponse au 5-FU. Dans les tumeurs MSI, la prĂ©sence d une dĂ©lĂ©tion au niveau du microsatellite T17 de l intron 8 d HSP110 induit l expression d une protĂ©ine tronquĂ©e HSP110 E9. Son expression au dĂ©triment d HSP110 est prĂ©sentĂ©e comme un marqueur prĂ©dictif de bonne rĂ©ponse Ă  la chimiothĂ©rapie et de bon pronostic. Nous avons Ă©valuĂ© la taille du T17 dans le tissu sain et la tumeur, l expression d HSP110 E9, la rĂ©ponse Ă  la chimiothĂ©rapie et la survie dans deux populations de patients : 86 prĂ©sentant un CCR mĂ©tastatique (CCRm) traitĂ©s par FOLFIRI-CETUX ; puis 120 prĂ©sentant une tumeur MSI. Le T17 est peu polymorphique dans le tissu sain. Nous confirmons que la dĂ©lĂ©tion du T7 est spĂ©cifique des tumeurs MSI, et que sa taille dĂ©pend du type de dĂ©ficit du MMR. On observe que le niveau d expression d HSP110 E9 est fonction de la taille de la dĂ©lĂ©tion. L analyse de la rĂ©ponse et de la survie ne montre pas de diffĂ©rence en fonction du statut MSI dans les CCRm, ni en fonction du taux d HSP110 E9 dans les CCR MSI. Le phĂ©notype MSI n apparaĂźt pas comme Ă©tant un marqueur de bon pronostic, ni de bonne rĂ©ponse Ă  la chimiothĂ©rapie dans les CCRm. L expression d HSP110 E9 est spĂ©cifique des tumeurs MSI, mĂȘme Ă  un stade tumoral avancĂ©. Son niveau d expression semble dĂ©pendre du type de dĂ©ficit du MMR, mais ne semble pas amĂ©liorer le pronostic des patients. Des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires fondamentales et cliniques sont donc nĂ©cessaires pour prĂ©ciser l action d HSP110 E9 et son influence sur la survie et la rĂ©ponse Ă  la chimiothĂ©rapie.Microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a good prognosis factor, it is however a bad predictive marker to 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Deletions in the microsatellite T17 located in intron 8 of HSP110 lead to a truncated isoform of the protein. The expression of the truncated protein constitutes a major determinant for both prognosis and treatment response in CRC. For two series of subjects, 86 with metastatic CRC (mCRC) and 120 with MSI tumors, we studied the length of the T17 in healthy tissue and tumor, expression rate of HSP110 E9, response to chemotherapy and survival rate. T17 is weakly polymorphic in healthy tissue. We confirmed that deletion is specific to MSI tumors, and that the deletion length depends on MMR system defect. We noticed that the HSP110 E9 expression rate is conditioned by T17 length deletion. Finally, we observed that response to chemotherapy and survival rate analysis did not show any differences neither in terms of MSI status in mCRC nor in terms of HSP110 E9 expression rate in MSI tumors. MSI does not appear to be a good prognosis factor or a bad response marker to 5-FU-based chemotherapy in mCRC. HSP110 truncated isoform is only expressed in MSI tumors, even in advanced CRC. HSP110 E9 expression rate seems to be influenced by the MMR defect, but does not seem to improved patient s prognosis. Several fundamental and clinical studies have to be conducted to determine the cellular actions of HSP110 E9 and its influence on response to chemotherapy and survival rate.ANGERS-BU MĂ©decine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Imidazole and Azo-Based Schiff Bases Ligands as Highly Active Antifungal and Antioxidant Components

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    We describe, herein, the synthesis, full characterization, and optical properties of four different ligands L1-L4 which associate an azo group, an imidazole unit, and a Schiff base fragment. The UV-visible absorption bands are characteristic of π→π⁎ and n→π⁎ transitions with an additional charge transfer between the azobenzene moiety and the imino group. Finally the determination of MIC80 values against pathogenic fungi such as S. apiospermum, A. fumigatus, and C. albicans revealed that these ligands have effective antifungal properties with highest activities (MIC80) on C. albicans for the azole based ligands L1-L3. DPPH radical scavenging of the studied ligands was also tested

    Mechanisms of Azole Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Candida tropicalis

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    Azole resistance has been insufficiently investigated in the yeast Candida tropicalis. Here we determined the molecular mechanisms responsible for azole resistance in a clinical isolate of this pathogenic yeast. Antifungal susceptibility testing performed by a disk diffusion method showed resistance or markedly decreased susceptibility to azoles, which was confirmed by determination of MICs. Considering the relationship between azole susceptibility and the respiration reported for other yeast species, the respiratory activity of this isolate was investigated. Flow cytometry using rhodamine 123 and oxygraphy demonstrated an increased respiratory activity, which was not linked to an overexpression or increased number of copies of the mitochondrial genome. Among previously described resistance mechanisms, an increased activity of efflux pumps was investigated by flow cytometry using rhodamine 6G. However, the efflux of rhodamine 6G was lower in the resistant isolate than in susceptible ones. Likewise, real-time reverse transcription-PCR quantification of the expression of C. tropicalis MDR1 (CtMDR1), which encodes an efflux protein belonging to the major facilitator superfamily, did not show overexpression of this gene. In contrast, the resistant isolate overexpressed the CtERG11 gene coding for lanosterol 14α-demethylase. This was in agreement with the larger amount of ergosterol found in this isolate. Moreover, sequencing of CtERG11 showed a point mutation leading to a tyrosine substitution in the protein sequence, which might lead to decreased binding affinity for azoles. In conclusion, overexpression of CtERG11 associated with a missense mutation in this gene seemed to be responsible for the acquired azole resistance of this clinical isolate

    Nα-methyl coprogen B, a potential marker of the airway colonization by Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis

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    International audienceScedosporium apiospermum is an emerging pathogen colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While usually responsible for chronic colonization without clinical signs, this fungus may cause severe and often lethal infections in lung transplant recipients. Early diagnosis of its airway colonization and appropriate treatment are required to eradicate the fungus when a lung transplantation is planned. Here we propose an alternative to mycological examination of sputum samples based on extraction of siderophores by chromatography on Amberlite XAD-4, followed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the siderophore extract. Improvement of the extraction procedure was performed in a fractional factorial design which revealed the importance of prior ammonium sulfate precipitation of the proteins, alkalinization of the obtained solution and stirring during extraction. In order to verify the specificity of Nα-methyl coprogen B for S. apiospermum, the method was applied on culture supernatants of different filamentous fungi colonizing the airways of CF patients, including some aspergilli and Exophiala dermatitidis. Nα-methyl coprogen B was detected exclusively for species of the S. apiospermum complex. Likewise, sputum samples from colonized and non-colonized CF patients were analyzed, and the siderophore was detected exclusively in three out of the five specimens which were found by culture to contain S. apiospermum. Together these results confirmed Nα-methyl coprogen B as a marker of the airway colonization by species of the S. apiospermum complex.</p
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