Downregulation of SCARA5 may contribute to breast cancer via promoter hypermethylation

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide. Breast tumors mostly exhibit aberrant gene expression and DNA hypermethylation patterns that predispose the disease. Understanding the genetic and epigenetic factors that contribute to breast cancer development is important to identify novel diagnostic and prognostic markers. SCARA5: Scavenger receptor class A, member 5; is a member of the scavenger receptor family located on chromosome 8p21 which is a frequently deleted region in human cancers. SCARA5 has been identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in various kinds of cancer. However, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study SCARA5 expression levels in breast tumors and matched noncancerous tissue samples from 77 patients were analyzed by qRT-PCR and the expression levels were correlated with the methylation level of SCARA5 gene promoter. We found that SCARA5 expression was significantly decreased in tumors (92.2%) compared to non-cancerous tissue samples and this down-regulation was associated with hypermethylation of the promoter (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was also detected between SCARA5 expression and the histological grade of the breast tumors (p = 0.017). Taken together, our results indicate that SCARA5 may play an important role in tumorigenesis of breast cancer via promoter methylation

p53 expression and relationship with MDM2 amplification in breast carcinomas

Carcinoma of the breast, like other malignancies, is a genetic disease with multiple genetic events leading to the malignant phenotype. p53 mutations are the most common genetic events in human cancer. Inactivation of p53 can be a result of mutation in gene sequence. One of the main structures that regulate p53 stabilization is MDM2. It suppresses p53 transcriptional activation by recognizing transactivation domain of p53. The loss of MDM2 function on p53 regulation results in deprivation of p53 tumor suppressor ability. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP309 T->G exchange) or MDM2 amplification has been proposed to play a role in this issue. In the present study, our aim is to analyze p53 and MDM2 status and investigate their interactions in human sporadic breast carcinoma. The study groups were separated according to their molecular classifications. In each group, histologic type of the tumor, conventional prognostic parameters, p53, and MDM2 interactions were compared statistically. Tumors are divided into 4 subtypes due to estrogen and progesterone receptor status, HER-2, and Ki-67 proliferation index results. According to this classification, 23 cases are in the luminal A, 32 cases are in the luminal B, 15 cases are in the HER-2 positive, and 22 cases are in the triple-negative group, with a total of 92 cases. p53 expression is low in luminal breast carcinomas than HER-2 and triple-negative subtypes. MDM2 amplification frequency was found to be 5.4% in total. MDM2 gene amplification does not have a significant role in breast carcinogenesis, but other possible mechanisms may play a role in its inactivation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Current Approach to the Prognostic Parameters of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Accompanied by Our Cases

Aim: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are solid neoplasms common in young adult menand an important cause of cancer-related deaths during this period. Revisions inhistopathological classification and staging affect prognosis and treatment. The aim of thisstudy was to analyze our TGCT cases, to review prognostic parameters, and their relationshipbetween germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), intratubular and intertubular tumors.Material and Methods: In this study, Hematoxylin&Eosin-stained sections of 77 TGCTswere re-evaluated. The presence of GCNIS, intratubular and intertubular germ cell tumorswere recorded. Histopathological classification and staging were revised based on the changesin the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC).Results: The majority of the patients were diagnosed as seminoma (n=42), followed by mixedgerm cell tumors (n=33) and spermatocytic tumors (n=2). Rete testis invasion in 30 cases,epididymal invasion in 6 cases, hilar soft tissue invasion in 10 cases, tunica vaginalis invasionin 1 case, spermatic cord invasion in 4 cases, and lymphovascular invasion in 22 cases weredetected. Intertubular seminoma in 25 cases, intratubular carcinoma in 16 cases, and GCNISin 73 cases were detected.Conclusion: The major criteria to determine treatment choices are histopathological diagnosis,pathological tumor stage, serum tumor markers and presence of metastasis. According toAJCC 8th edition, addition of hilar soft tissue invasion to staging has increased the number ofour pT2 cases. Moreover, assuming discontinuous tumor invasion of spermatic cord byvascular invasion as pM1 has also increased the number of metastatic testis tumors

Current Approach to the Prognostic Parameters of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Accompanied by Our Cases

Aim: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are solid neoplasms common in young adult menand an important cause of cancer-related deaths during this period. Revisions inhistopathological classification and staging affect prognosis and treatment. The aim of thisstudy was to analyze our TGCT cases, to review prognostic parameters, and their relationshipbetween germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), intratubular and intertubular tumors.Material and Methods: In this study, Hematoxylin&Eosin-stained sections of 77 TGCTswere re-evaluated. The presence of GCNIS, intratubular and intertubular germ cell tumorswere recorded. Histopathological classification and staging were revised based on the changesin the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC).Results: The majority of the patients were diagnosed as seminoma (n=42), followed by mixedgerm cell tumors (n=33) and spermatocytic tumors (n=2). Rete testis invasion in 30 cases,epididymal invasion in 6 cases, hilar soft tissue invasion in 10 cases, tunica vaginalis invasionin 1 case, spermatic cord invasion in 4 cases, and lymphovascular invasion in 22 cases weredetected. Intertubular seminoma in 25 cases, intratubular carcinoma in 16 cases, and GCNISin 73 cases were detected.Conclusion: The major criteria to determine treatment choices are histopathological diagnosis,pathological tumor stage, serum tumor markers and presence of metastasis. According toAJCC 8th edition, addition of hilar soft tissue invasion to staging has increased the number ofour pT2 cases. Moreover, assuming discontinuous tumor invasion of spermatic cord byvascular invasion as pM1 has also increased the number of metastatic testis tumors

Optical characterization of pancreatic normal and tumor tissues with double ıntegrating sphere system

In order to develop minimally invasive, fast and precise diagnostic and therapeutic methods in medicine by using optical methods, first step is to examine how the light propagates, scatters and transmitted through medium. So as to find out appropriate wavelengths, it is required to correctly determine the optical properties of tissues. The aim of this study is to measure the optical properties of both cancerous and normal ex-vivo pancreatic tissues. Results will be compared to detect how cancerous and normal tissues respond to different wavelengths. Double-integrating-sphere system and computational technique inverse adding doubling method (IAD) were used in the study. Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of normal and cancerous pancreatic tissues have been measured within the range of 500-650 nm. Statistical significant differences between cancerous and normal tissues have been obtained at 550 nm and 630 nm for absorption coefficients. On the other hand; there were no statistical difference found for scattering coefficients at any wavelength.SPI

In vivo Efficacy of HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) on Mice with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma

Objective: Cavitation and coagulation necrosis due to high temperature caused by application of the high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to a focal area occurs. This feature makes HIFU possible to use in the destruction of cancerous tissue. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of HIFU on Balb/c mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor model to reach effective usage of HIFU with its clinical and experimental applications in various types of cancer

The role of miRNAs as a predictor of multicentricity in breast cancer

Expression profiles of miRNAs are shown to be different in various cancers to regulate expression of mRNA or to have a role in inhibition of translation, thus it shows the possible effect in progression, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. The effect of breast conserving treatment in local recurrence and survival rates for the patients who have multicentric breast cancer is still controversial. In our study, we intended to evaluate the foresight of 84 miRNAs which are identified in breast cancer for having differentiated expressions. Thirty-one patients with unifocal and 26 patients with multicentric breast cancer were included in this study. These tissue samples of both malignant and normal breast tissues were kept in RNA later solution at -80 degrees C. Eighty-four miRNAs were studied with miScript miRNA PCR Array Human Breast Cancer kit. Fold change, cut off value was accepted as four. In unifocal group, there were 13 upregulated and five downregulated miRNAs and in multicentric group, there were three upregulated and seven downregulated miRNAs. To reach better results for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, it is important to enlighten tumor biology, and pay attention to target and individual therapy. Thus, miRNAs have potential role in identifying tumor characteristics in supporting diagnosis and resulting with better evaluated disease for better treatment results with individual strategies

Primary breast lymphoma; disease recurrence

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) accounts 0.4-0.5% of all breast cancers. The aim is to present the patient diagnosed with recurrency of primary breast lymphoma treated six year ago without radiotherapy. A 63-years-old woman patient admitted to our hospital with a palpabl mass in her left breast. Six years ago she was treated with chemoterapy after local excision for primary left breast lymphoma. Imaging modalities showed multiple lesion in breast and confirmed with biopsy. Pathologic results were similar with first one and the case was accepted as PBL recurrence. Multipl metastases has been determined with staging modalities. Patient started to chemotherapy treatment. PBL is a rare cancer of breast and there is no consensus at the treatment of disease. In the literature addition of radiotherapy to the treatment prevents local recurrence. There were occured recurrence without radiotherapy, mimicked that radiotherapy is an essential modality in PBL treatment

Intraoperative palpation of sentinel lymph nodes can accurately predict axilla in early breast cancer

Recent randomized trials have shown that completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is not required in all patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) who will receive radiation therapy. Although routine intraoperative pathologic assessment (IPA) becomes unnecessary and less indicated by breast surgeons in the United States and some European countries, it is still widely used all around the world. In this prospective study, the feasibility of intraoperative nodal palpation (INP) as opposed to IPA of the SLN has been analyzed. Between March 2014 and June 2015, 305 patients with clinical T1-2/N0 breast cancer from two different breast clinics (cohort A; [n = 225] and cohort B; [n = 80]) who underwent any breast surgery with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) were included in this study. Surgeons evaluated the SLNs by manual palpation before sending for IPA, and findings compared with the final pathology. The positive predictive values (PPV) of INP and IPA were 81.8% and 97.9%, respectively, whereas the negative predictive values (NPV) of INP and IPA were 83% and 92.4%. The accuracies of INP and IPA were 82.6% and 94.1%, respectively. If patients with SLNB including micrometastasis were also considered in the final pathologic assessment (FPA) (-) group that would not require a further axillary dissection, the revised NPV of INP and FPA were found to be 92.6% and 98.1%, respectively. The revised accuracy of INP also found to be increase to 86.9%. Our study, which is the only prospective one about palpation of dissected SLNs in the literature, suggests that INP can help to identify patients who do not need ALND, which encourages omitting IPA in cT1-2 N0 breast cancer