Polyflavanostilbene A, a New Flavanol-Fused Stilbene Glycoside from <i>Polygonum cuspidatum</i>

Polyflavanostilbene A, a new flavanol-fused stilbene glycoside, was isolated from the rhizome of <i>Polygonum cuspidatum</i>. Its unusual structure, including its absolute stereochemistry, was determined by UV, IR, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR data and by the comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Polyflavanostilbene A has an unprecedented rearranged flavanol skeleton fused to stilbene via a hexahydrocyclopenta[<i>c</i>]furan moiety. Polyflavanostilbene A showed strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with an IC₅₀ value of 17.7 μM

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of calmodulin and calmodulin-like genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like (CML) genes are widely involved in plant growth and development and mediating plant stress tolerance. However, the whole genome scale studies about CaM and CML gene families have not been done in wheat, and the possible functions of most wheat CaM/CML gene members are still unknown. In this study, a total of 18 TaCaM and 230 TaCML gene members were identified in wheat genome. Among these genes, 28 TaCaM/CML gene members have 74 duplicated copies, while 21 genes have 48 transcript variants, resulting in 321 putative TaCaM/CML transcripts totally. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they can be classified into 7 subfamilies. Similar gene structures and protein domains can be found in members of the same gene cluster. The TaCaM/CML genes were spread among all 21 chromosomes with unbalanced distributions, while most of the gene clusters contained 3 homoeologous genes located in the same homoeologous chromosome group. Synteny analysis showed that most of TaCaM/CMLs gene members can be found with 1–4 paralogous genes in T. turgidum and Ae. Tauschii. High numbers of cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and stress responses can be observed in the promoters of TaCaM/CMLs. The spatiotemporal expression patterns showed that most of the TaCaM/TaCML genes can be detected in at least one tissue. The expression levels of TaCML17, 21, 30, 50, 59 and 75 in the root or shoot can be up-regulated by abiotic stresses, suggesting that TaCML17, 21, 30, 50, 59 and 75 may be related with responses to abiotic stresses in wheat. The spatiotemporal expression patterns of TaCaM/CML genes indicated they may be involved widely in wheat growth and development. Our results provide important clues for exploring functions of TaCaMs/CMLs in growth and development as well as responses to abiotic stresses in wheat in the future