Large within subject variance in childhood cognitive ability scores of Guatemalan high SES individuals born 1943-1953 [Abstract]

Large within subject variance in childhood cognitive ability scores of Guatemalan high SES individuals born 1943-1953 [Abstract

Life course associations of height, weight, fatness, grip strength, and all-cause mortality for high socioeconomic status Guatemalans

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between physical growth in pre-adult life with five outcomes at age 64-76: weight, body mass index, estimated body fat percentage, hand grip strength and mortality. Methods: Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) growth curves of 40,484 Guatemalan individuals aged 3-19 years were modelled for the parameters of size, timing and intensity (peak growth velocity, e.g. cm/year) of height, weight, body mass index, and grip strength. Associations between the SITAR parameters and old age outcomes were tested using linear and binary logistic regression for a follow-up sample of high socioeconomic status (SES) Guatemalans, of whom 50 were aged 64-76 years old at re-measurement and 45 died prior to the year 2017. Results: SITAR models explained 69-98% of the variance in each outcome, with height the most precise. Individuals in the follow-up sample who had a higher BMI before age 20 years had higher estimated body fat (B=1.4 CI -0.02-2.8) and BMI (B=1.2, CI 0.2-2.2) at the ages 64-76 years. Those who grew slower in height but faster in weight and BMI before age 20 years, had higher BMI and body fat later in life. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of a life course perspective on health and mortality risk. Childhood exposures leading to variation in pre-adult growth may be key to better understanding health and mortality risks in old age

Composição química e valor energético de alimentos de origem animal utilizados na alimentação de codornas japonesas

Avaliaram-se a composição química e o valor energético de farinhas de resíduos de abatedouro para machos de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Foram utilizadas 320 codornas machos, com 32 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco dietas (uma referência e quatro dietas-teste), cada uma avaliada com oito repetições de oito aves por unidade experimental. As farinhas substituíram 25% da dieta-referência e seus valores de energia metabolizável, assim como os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade, foram determinados pelo método de coleta total de excretas. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (kcal/kg) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (kcal/kg) são, respectivamente, de 2.152 e 2.142 para a farinha de carne e ossos; de 3.139 e 3.137 para a farinha de penas; de 2.658 e 2.651 para a farinha de peixe; e de 3.692 e 3.668 para a farinha de vísceras de aves. Os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade são de 60,51% para farinha de carne e ossos; 59,25% para a farinha de penas; 64,09% para farinha de peixe; e 78,64% para a farinha de vísceras de aves.It was evaluated the chemical composition and energy values of slaughterhouse by-product meal for male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). It was used 320 male quails at 32 days of age, distributed in a complete random experimental design, with five diets (one reference diet and four test diets), each one evaluated with eight replicates with eight birds per experimental unity. Meals replaced 25% of the reference diet and their metabolizable energy values as well as their metabolizability coefficients were determined by using the total excreta method collection. Values of apparent metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) and apparent energy corrected for nitrogen balance (kcal/kg) are, respectively, 2,152 and 2,142 for meat and bone meal; 3,139 and 3,137 for feather meal; 2,658 and 2,651 for fish meal and 3,692 and 3,668 for poultry viscera meal. Metabolizability coefficients are 60.51% for meat and bone meal; 59.25% for feather meal; 64.09% for fish meal and 78.64% for poultry viscera meal

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset