Solarization in microcosm: effect of plant materials on soil phytopathogen survival and volatile compound production

In addition to Brassicaceae species associated with soil solarization, new materials from plants such as cassava and castor bean have shown potential to control soil phytopathogens. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the effects of incorporation and decomposition of shoot of broccoli, castor bean, and bitter and sweet cassava, associated with solarization in microcosm sets under controlled environment conditions, on the survival of resistance structures from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii; and to identify volatile compound(s) released by the decomposition of materials, which could be related to phytopathogen inactivation. As to pathogen survival, four identical assays were installed in the microcosms, with four independent exposure periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). To identify volatile compounds, assays were performed under the same survival conditions, but using amber glass bottles and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detectors (GC-FID), and adopting the Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique - SPME. The treatments soil+plant materials, over the tested periods, reduced the survival of resistance structures for all fungi. In general, expressive results were found for broccoli and bitter cassava, as well as sweet cassava against S. rolfsii. The identified volatile compounds were from broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava decomposition. The number of volatile compounds identified for broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava were 26, 37 and 29, respectively. Positive and negative correlations were detected among some volatile compounds and their mean values and the survival of resistance structures from phytopathogens.Além das brassicaceas associadas à solarização do solo, novos materiais vegetais como a mandioca e a mamona têm apresentado potencial no controle de fitopatógenos de solo. Assim, objetivou-se verificar os efeitos da incorporação e decomposição de parte aérea de brócolis, mamona e mandioca brava e mansa, associadas à solarização, em conjuntos de microcosmos, sob condições de ambiente controlado, na sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii; e identificar e apontar o(s) volátil(eis) emanado(s) pela decomposição dos materiais, que poderia(m) estar correlacionado(s) com a inativação dos fitopatógenos. Quanto à sobrevivência dos patógenos, quatro ensaios idênticos foram instalados nos microcosmos, com quatro períodos de exposição independentes (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias). A identificação dos voláteis contou com ensaios realizados sob as mesmas condições da sobrevivência, mas em frascos âmbar e com cromatografia gasosa com detectores por espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) e por ionização em chama (GC-FID), utilizando a técnica de Microextração em Fase Sólida - SPME. Os tratamentos solo+materiais vegetais, ao longo dos períodos testados, reduziram a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de todos os fungos. No geral, destacaram-se o brócolis e a mandioca brava, além da mandioca mansa para S. rolfsii. Os voláteis identificados foram oriundos da decomposição de brócolis, mamona e mandioca mansa. Foram identificados 26, 37 e 29 compostos voláteis para brócolis, mamona e mandioca mansa, respectivamente. Correlações positivas e negativas foram observadas entre alguns voláteis e a média dos compostos com a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência dos fitopatogênicos.123130Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Efeitos da restrição alimentar no desempenho de bovinos jovens confinados

The objective of the study was to evaluate compensatory weight gain in the performance of young bulls submitted to feed restriction, in the initial phase of confinement and to study the economic viability of the utilization of three protein sources. Sixty six crossbred bulls Simental-Nelore, eight months old and averaging 220 kg of weight were submitted to three feeding programs in the growth phase that lasted 84 days. The feeding programs were ad libitum, restriction + raw soybean grains and restriction + toasted soybean grains, with a restriction level of 25% on average. In the finishing phase, with a 61 day duration, animals fed with each of the three diets mentioned above received two types of supplementary diets: raw soybean grains and poultry litter. There were no differences between final weights of animals in finishing phase, but the bulls submitted to the restriction had more weight gain per day and better food conversion than ad libitum animals, for both raw soybean grains and poultry litter. The conclusion was that the feeding restriction and consequent compensatory weight gain, presented advantages for feeding efficiency, by decreasing maintenance requirements, although final cost had been equivalent to ad libitum animals.O trabalho objetivou avaliar as respostas do ganho compensatório no desempenho de animais mestiços jovens submetidos à restrição alimentar, na fase inicial de confinamento, e estudar a viabilidade econômica da utilização de três fontes protéicas. Foram utilizados 66 bovinos inteiros mestiços Simental-Nelore, com 8 meses e peso médio de 220±34,03 kg. Na fase de crescimento, com duração de 84 dias, os animais foram submetidos a três dietas alimentares: ad libitum (AL); restrição + soja crua (RSC) e restrição + soja torrada (RST), sendo o nível de restrição em torno de 25%. Na fase de terminação, com duração de 61 dias, os animais alimentados com cada uma das dietas citadas, receberam grãos de soja crus e cama de frango, como fonte suplementar de proteína. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferenças entre os pesos finais dos animais, em fase de terminação. No entanto, os animais submetidos à restrição apresentaram maior ganho de peso diário e melhor conversão alimentar do que os ad libitum, em ambos os tratamentos, soja crua e cama de frango. Concluiu-se que a restrição alimentar com consequente ganho compensatório apresentou vantagens quanto aos índices de eficiência alimentar, por diminuir as exigências de manutenção, embora os custos finais tenham sido equivalentes aos dos animais ad libitum

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection