VALUTAZIONE DELL'EFFETTO DEL TRATTAMENTO CON RADIAZIONI IONIZZANTI SUL CONTENUTO DI MICOTOSSINE NELLA FRUTTA SECCA

Le micotossine sono un gruppo eterogeneo di sostanze chimiche a basso peso molecolare prodotte dal metabolismo secondario di varie specie di funghi tossigeni appartenenti ai generi Aspergillus, Penicillum, Alternaria e Fusarium [1]. Sono molto resistenti al calore e non vengono completamente distrutte durante le normali operazioni di cottura, n\ue9 dai trattamenti fisici, chimici e biologici cui vengono normalmente sottoposte le derrate durante i processi di preparazione degli alimenti. La loro possibile presenza in molti alimenti costituisce oggi un motivo di crescente preoccupazione per la salute dei consumatori poich\ue9 alcune micotossine manifestano caratteristiche di genotossicit\ue0, cancerogenicit\ue0, immunotossicit\ue0, mutagenicit\ue0, nefrotossicit\ue0 e teratogenicit\ue0 [2-4]. Tra i metodi di decontaminazione esistenti ed ampiamente utilizzati, il trattamento degli alimenti con le radiazioni ionizzanti rappresenta un metodo sicuro per ottenere sia una migliore conservazione dei prodotti, sia un controllo delle affezioni alimentari, tramite la riduzione/eliminazione della popolazione patogena [5]. In questo lavoro sono stati valutati gli effetti del processo di irraggiamento con una sorgente di 60Co e dosi comprese tra 0,5 e 3 kGy sul contenuto di micotossine in campioni di frutta secca. In particolare il contenuto di aflatossine G1, G2, B1 e B2, e di ocratossina A (OTA) \ue8 stato valutato, prima e dopo l\u2019irraggiamento, attraverso cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni (HPLC) sfruttando le potenzialit\ue0 del rivelatore a fluorescenza. Le analisi HPLC sono precedute da un processo di purificazione del campione che prevede l\u2019utilizzo di colonne di immunoaffinit\ue0 [6-8]. Inoltre sono state valutate le relazioni esistenti tra dose e degradazione delle micotossine

Natural substances in the fight of sars-cov-2: A critical evaluation resulting from the cross-fertilization of molecular modeling data with the pharmacological aspects

The recent pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2, the last isolated human beta-coronavirus, has revolutionized modern knowledge of the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia. The lack of specific antiviral drugs and the need to develop adequate research for new antiviral drugs capable of treating this new form of the disease undertook three different research paths quickly. The first one is aimed to test antiviral molecules already present in therapeutic use, with a mechanism of action directed towards viral proteins functional to replication or adsorption; the second one, it is the repositioning of molecules with known pharmacological activity for which various chemistry studies have been prepared in an attempt to find new and specific viral targets; the third, it is the search for molecules of natural origin for which to demonstrate a specific anti-coronavirus activity. Many databases of natural and synthetic substances have been used for the identification of potent inhibitors of various viral targets. The field of computer-aided drug design seems to be promising and useful for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors; hence, different structure-and lig-and-based computational approaches have been used for their identification. This review analyzes in-depth and critically the most recent publications in the field of applied computational chemistry to find out molecules of natural origin with potent antiviral activity. Fur-thermore, a critical and functional selection of some molecules with the best hypothetical anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is made for further studies by biological tests

New anti sars-cov-2 targets for quinoline derivatives chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine†

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a severe global health crisis. In this paper, we used docking and simulation methods to identify potential targets and the mechanism of action of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against SARS-CoV-2. Our results showed that both CQ and HCQ influenced the functionality of the envelope (E) protein, necessary in the maturation processes of the virus, due to interactions that modify the flexibility of the protein structure. Furthermore, CQ and HCQ also influenced the proofreading and capping of viral RNA in SARS-CoV-2, performed by nsp10/nsp14 and nsp10/nsp16. In particular, HCQ demonstrated a better energy binding with the examined targets compared to CQ, probably due to the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl group of HCQ with polar amino acid residues

Lipid nanoparticles and active natural compounds: a perfect combination for pharmaceutical applications

Phytochemicals represent an important class of bioactive compounds characterized by significant health benefits. Notwithstanding these important features, their potential therapeutic properties suffer from poor water solubility and membrane permeability limiting their approach to nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Lipid nanoparticles are well known carrier systems endowed with high biodegradation and an extraordinary biocompatible chemical nature, successfully used as platform for advanced delivery of many active compounds, including the oral, topical and systemic routes. This article is aimed at reviewing the last ten years of studies about the application of lipid nanoparticles in active natural compounds reporting examples and advantages of these colloidal carrier systems

Metabolic characterization of supernatants produced by Lactobacillus spp. With in vitro anti-Legionella activity

Legionella pneumophila is an organism of public health interest for its presence in water supply systems and other humid thermal habitats. In this study, ten cell-free supernatants produced by Lactobacillus strains were evaluated for their ability to inhibit L. pneumophila strains isolated from hot tap water. Production of antimicrobial substances by Lactobacillus strains were assessed by agar well diffusion test on BCYE agar plates pre-inoculated with L. pneumophila. Cell-free supernatants (CFS) showed antimicrobial activity against all Legionella strains tested: L. rhamnosus and L. salivarius showed the highest activity. By means of a proton-based nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, we detected and quantified the Lactobacillus metabolites of these CFSs, so to gain information about which metabolic pathway was likely to be connected to the observed inhibition activity. A panel of metabolites with variations in concentration were revealed, but considerable differences among inter-species were not showed as reported in a similar work by Foschi et al. (2018). More than fifty molecules belonging mainly to the groups of amino acids, organic acids, monosaccharides, ketones, and alcohols were identified in the metabolome. Significant differences were recorded comparing the metabolites found in the supernatants of strains grown in MRS with glycerol and the same strains grown in MRS without supplements. Indeed, pathway analysis revealed that glycine, serine and threonine, pyruvate, and sulfur metabolic pathways had a higher impact when strains were grown in MRS medium with a supplement such as glycerol. Among the metabolites identified, many were amino acids, suggesting the possible presence of bacteriocins which could be linked to the anti-Legionella activity shown by cell-free supernatants