Mapping and Classifying Settlement Locations

“Mapping and Classifying Settlement Locations” discusses GRID3’s work on collecting and analyzing settlements data. GRID3’s settlements work has two areas of focus: creating a comprehensive settlement layer that enables a real-world picture of communities, and using building footprints, geospatial data layers, and machine learning algorithms to classify structures and local areas within settlements. The paper also discusses the applications of GRID3’s methods in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. GRID3 works with countries to generate, validate and use geospatial data on population, settlements, infrastructure, and subnational boundaries. For more information, see https://grid3.org/. Keywords: area-level classification; building footprints; comprehensive settlement layer; extent; intra-settlement categorisation; machine learning; polygon layer; point layer; settlement; settlement data; settlement layer; settlement mapping; settlement point; ; GRID3; database schema; geospatial data; neighbourhood classification; open-source; health zones; participatory cartography; GIS; vaccination; immunisation; census; micro-plans; CIESIN; UNFPA; Flowminder; WorldPop; probability model; areal; built-up areas; small settlements; hamlets; hamlet areas; polio; Afric

Designing a package of sexual and reproductive health and HIV outreach services to meet the heterogeneous preferences of young people in Malawi: results from a discrete choice experiment.

BACKGROUND: This article examines young people's preferences for integrated family planning (FP) and HIV services in rural Malawi. Different hypothetical configurations for outreach services are presented using a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE). Responses are analysed using Random Parameters Logit and Generalised Mixed Logit (GMXL) models in preference space and a GMXL model parameterised in willingness-to-pay space. Simulations are used to estimate the proportion of respondents expected to choose different service packages as elements are varied individually and in combination. RESULTS: Responses were collected from 537 young people aged 15-24. Results show that when considering attending an outreach service to access family planning young people value confidentiality and the availability of HIV services including HIV counselling and testing (HCT) and HIV treatment, though significant observable and unobservable heterogeneity is present. Female respondents and those aged 20-24 were less concerned with service confidentiality compared to male respondents and those aged 15-19; respondents who were in a relationship at the time of the survey valued confidentiality more than those who reported being single. The addition of sports and recreation for young people may also be an attractive feature of a youth-friendly service; however, preferences for this attribute vary according to respondent gender. Results of the simulation modelling indicate that the most preferred service package is one that offers confidential services, both HCT and HIV treatment and sports for youth, with up to 32% of respondents expected to choose this service over a service where clients may have concerns over confidentiality, only HCT is available and there are no additional activities for young people. Estimates of willingness-to-pay for service attributes indicate that respondents were willing to pay up to USD$1.76 for confidentiality, USD$0.65 for a service offering both HCT and HIV treatment and USD$0.26 for a service including sports for youth. CONCLUSIONS: Young people were able to complete a complex DCE and appeared to trade between the different characteristics used to describe the outreach services. These findings may offer important insight to policy makers designing youth friendly SRH outreach services and providers aiming to improve the acceptability and uptake of FP services

ICPD to MDGs: Missing links and common grounds

The ICPD agenda of reproductive health was declared as the most comprehensive one, which had actually broadened the spectrum of reproductive health and drove the states to embark upon initiatives to improve reproductive health status of their populations. However, like all other countries, Pakistan also seems to have shifted focus of its policies and programs towards achieving MDGs. As a result, concepts highlighted in the ICPD got dropped eventually. In spite of specific goals on maternal and child mortalities in MDGs and all the investment and policy shift, Pakistan has still one of the highest maternal mortality ratios among developing countries. Lack of synchronized efforts, sector wide approaches, inter-sectoral collaboration, and moreover, the unmet need for family planning, unsafe abortions, low literacy rate and dearth of women empowerment are the main reasons. Being a signatory of both of the international agendas (ICPD and MDGs), Pakistan needed to articulate its policies to keep the balance between the two agendas. There are, however, certainly some common grounds which have been experimented by various countries and we can learn lessons from those best practices. An inter-sectoral cooperation and sector wide approaches would be required to achieve such ambitious goals set out in ICPD-Program of Action while working towards MDGs. There is a need of increasing resource allocation, strengthening primary health care services and emergency obstetric care and motivating the human resource employed in health sector by good governance. These endeavors should lead to formulate evidence based national policies, reproductive health services which are affordable, accessible and culturally acceptable and finally a responsive health system

Harmonising Subnational Boundaries

“Harmonising Subnational Boundaries” discusses GRID3’s work to support the harmonisation, production, and use of digitised legal/administrative units, operational units, and statistical areas. GRID3’s boundaries work has three primary areas of focus: improving and harmonising operational units; fostering improved collaboration on boundary harmonisation among disparate government bodies; and using boundaries harmonisation to support census efforts. The paper focuses on case studies in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. GRID3 works with countries to generate, validate and use geospatial data on population, settlements, infrastructure, and subnational boundaries. For more information, see https://grid3.org/. Keywords: administrative units; census; community health workers; digital boundaries; emergency operations; enumeration area; GIS; gridded population data; harmonisation; health catchment; microplan; operational units; points of interest; pre-enumeration area; routine operations; semi-automated delineation; settlement; settlement layer; settlement mapping; statistical areas; statistical infrastructure; subnational boundaries; sustainable development; GRID3; health zones; participatory mapping; vaccination; immunisation; CIESIN; UNFPA; Flowminder; WorldPop; poli

Harmoniser les limites infranationales

“Harmoniser les limites infranationales” aborde le travail de GRID3 de soutien à l'harmonisation, la production et l'utilisation d'unités légales/administratives, d'unités opérationnelles et de zones statistiques numérisées. Le travail de GRID3 sur les frontières s'articule autour de trois axes principaux: l'amélioration et l'harmonisation des unités opérationnelles, la promotion d'une meilleure collaboration sur l'harmonisation des limites entre des organismes gouvernementaux disparates et l'utilisation de l'harmonisation des limites pour soutenir les efforts de recensement. Le document se penche sur des études réalisées au Nigeria, en République démocratique du Congo et en Zambie. GRID3 accompagne les pays dans la création, la validation et l'utilisation des données géospatiales de population, localités, infrastructures et de limites infranationales. Pour plus d'informations, voir https://grid3.org/. Keywords (Mots clés) : unités administratives ; recensement ; agents de santé communautaires ; limites numériques ; opérations d'urgence ; zone de dénombrement ; SIG ; données de population carroyées ; harmonisation ; bassin de santé ; microplan ; unités opérationnelles ; points d'intérêt ; zone de pré-dénombrement ; opérations de routine ; délimitation semi-automatique ; établissement ; couche d'établissement ; cartographie de l'établissement ; zones statistiques ; infrastructure statistique ; limites infranationales ; développement durable ; GRID3 ; zones de santé ; cartographie participative ; vaccination ; immunisation ; CIESIN ; UNFPA ; Flowminder ; WorldPop ; polio

Cartographie et classification des localités

Ce document présente le travail de GRID3 sur le recueil et l'analyse des données de localité. Les activités de GRID3 sur les localités se s’articule autour de deux axes principaux : la création d'une couche des localités exhaustive qui permet d'obtenir une image réelle des communautés, et l'utilisation d'empreintes de bâtiments, de couches de données géospatiales et d'algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique pour classer les structures et les zones locales au sein des localités. Ce document aborde également les applications des méthodes de GRID3 au Nigeria, en République démocratique du Congo et en Zambie. GRID3 accompagne les pays dans la création, la validation et l'utilisation des données géospatiales de population, localités, infrastructures et de limites infranationales. Pour plus d'informations, voir https://grid3.org/. Keywords (Mots clés) : classification au niveau de la zone ; empreintes de bâtiments ; couche de localités complète ; étendue ; catégorisation intra localité ; apprentissage automatique ; couche de polygones ; couche de points ; localités ; données de localités ; couche de localités ; cartographie de localités ; point de localités ; GRID3 ; schéma de base de données ; données géospatiales ; classification des quartiers ; source ouverte ; zones de santé ; cartographie participative ; SIG ; vaccination ; immunisation ; recensement ; micro-plans ; CIESIN ; UNFPA ; Flowminder ; WorldPop ; modèle de probabilité ; aréal ; zones bâties ; petites agglomérations ; hameaux ; zones de hameaux ; polio ; Afriqu

Mapping Health Facilities

“Mapping Health Facilities” discusses GRID3’s work with local stakeholders and data collectors to build capacity for the production and management of geospatial data on health facilities. This paper first discusses GRID3's approach to mapping health facility data. In the next section, it discusses GRID3's support of routine and non-routine immunisation campaigns in Nigeria and the consolidation of existing health facilities data and collection of new data in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Following that, new GRID3 initiatives are discussed, including data consolidation and collection in Zambia and work around health facilities data in Sierra Leone. For more information, see https://grid3.org/ Keywords: COVID-19; health facilities; community health workers; GIS; GTS; health catchment; microplan; microplanning; points of interest; sustainable development; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Zambia; GRID3; health zones; vaccination; immunisation; CIESIN; UNFPA; Flowminder; WorldPop; polio; Africa; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; District Health Information Software 2; Directorate of Planning, Policy, and Information; Division of the National Health Information System; Expanded Program on Immunization; Geographic Information System; Geospatial Tracking System; Local Government Area; Mapping For Health; Maternal and Child Survival Program; National Primary Health Care Development Agency; National Spatial Data Infrastructure; Open Data Kit; Public Health Services and Solutions; Quality analysis and quality control; routine immunisation; non-routine immunisation; Service Availability and Readiness Assessment; United States Agency for International Development; Vaccination Tracking System; Wild Polio Virus; Zambia Statistics Agenc

Urban Area Disadvantage and Under-5 Mortality in Nigeria: The Effect of Rapid Urbanization

Background: Living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas is associated with increased -childhood mortality risks. As city living becomes the predominant social context in low- and middle-income countries, the resulting rapid urbanization together with the poor economic circumstances of these countries greatly increases the risks of mortality for children < 5 years of age (under-5 mortality). Objective: In this study we examined the trends in urban population growth and urban under-5 mortality between 1983 and 2003 in Nigeria. We assessed whether urban area socioeconomic dis-advantage has an impact on under-5 mortality. Methods: Urban under-5 mortality rates were directly estimated from the 1990, 1999, and 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed on data for 2,118 children nested within data for 1,350 mothers, who were in turn nested within data for 165 communities. Results: Urban under-5 mortality increased as urban population steadily increased between 1983 and 2003. Urban area disadvantage was significantly associated with under-5 mortality after adjusting for individual child- and mother-level demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Conclusions: Significant relative risks of under-5 deaths at both individual and community levels underscore the need for interventions tailored toward community- and individual-level inter-ventions. We stress the need for further studies on community-level determinants of under-5 mortality in disadvantaged urban areas