Raças fisiológicas e linhagens de uma população contemporânea de Magnaporthe oryzae associada à brusone do arroz irrigado no Sul do Brasil.

Objetivou-se identificar raças fisiológicas, com base em séries diferenciadoras, e linhagens, com base em marcadores microssatélites, em uma população de Magnaporthe oryzae do sul do Brasil

Using Color in Machine Vision Systems for Wood Processing

Color information, already shown to be valuable in distinguishing wood surface features, should prove especially useful for future applications of machine vision in the wood products industry. This review provides investigators interested in such applications with the information necessary for understanding the benefits-and associated difficulties-of using color. Various standard color-measurement systems ("color spaces") are discussed. No one system has been completely successful, at least partly because simple physical measurements are difficult to correlate with a human observer's complex perception of color. Color video camera systems, designed with human viewers in mind, have the potential for machine vision applications, but certain system "features" (white balance, gamma or contour correction) could cause problems. Future applications, including detecting and classifying hard-to-identify defects and matching colors of wood components, will require careful choice of lighting geometry and source, camera system, and color space for the purpose at hand

Using Varying Pedagogical Approaches in College Classrooms: Increasing Motivation for Undergraduate Finance Students

Abstrac

Controls on the location of compressional deformation on the NW European margin

The distribution of Cenozoic compressional structures along the NW European margin has been compared with maps of the thickness of the crystalline crust derived from a compilation of seismic refraction interpretations and gravity modelling, and with the distribution of high-velocity lower crust and/or partially serpentinized upper mantle detected by seismic experiments. Only a subset of the mapped compressional structures coincide with areas susceptible to lithospheric weakening as a result of crustal hyperextension and partial serpentinization of the upper mantle. Notably, partially serpentinized upper mantle is well documented beneath the central part of the southern Rockall Basin, but compressional features are sparse in that area. Where compressional structures have formed but the upper mantle is not serpentinized, simple rheological modelling suggests an alternative weakening mechanism involving ductile lower crust and lithospheric decoupling. The presence of pre-existing weak zones (associated with the properties of the gouge and overpressure in fault zones) and local stress magnitude and orientation are important contributing factors

Human innate immune cell crosstalk induces melanoma cell senescence

Mononuclear phagocytes and NK cells constitute the first line of innate immune defense. How these cells interact and join forces against cancer is incompletely understood. Here, we observed an early accumulation of slan$^{+}$ (6-sulfo LacNAc) non-classical monocytes (slanMo) in stage I melanoma, which was followed by an increase in NK cell numbers in stage III. Accordingly, culture supernatants of slanMo induced migration of primary human NK cells in vitro via the chemotactic cytokine IL-8 (CXCL8), suggesting a role for slanMo in NK cell recruitment into cancer tissues. High levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were produced in co-cultures of TLR-ligand stimulated slanMo and NK cells, whereas much lower levels were contained in cultures of slanMo and NK cells alone. Moreover, TNF-α and IFN-γ concentrations in slanMo/NK cell co-cultures exceeded those in CD14$^{+}$ monocyte/NK cell and slanMo/T cell co-cultures. Importantly, TNF-α and IFN-γ that was produced in TLR-ligand stimulated slanMo/NK cell co-cultures induced senescence in different melanoma cell lines, as indicated by reduced melanoma cell proliferation, increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase expression, p21 upregulation, and induction of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Taken together, we identified a role for slanMo and NK cells in a collaborative innate immune defense against melanoma by generating a tumor senescence-inducing microenvironment. We conclude that enhancing the synergistic innate immune crosstalk of slanMo and NK cells could improve current immunotherapeutic approaches in melanoma

Constraints on s→dγs\to d \gamma from Radiative Hyperon and Kaon Decays

The quark-level process $b \to s \gamma$ has been used extensively to place constraints on new interactions. These same interactions can be further constrained from the enhancement they induce in the quark-level $s \to d \gamma$ transition, to the extent that the short distance contributions can be separated from the long distance contributions. We parameterize what is known about the long distance amplitudes and subtract it from the data in radiative hyperon and kaon decays to constrain new interactions.Comment: Latex 11 page

BigBrain 3D atlas of cortical layers: Cortical and laminar thickness gradients diverge in sensory and motor cortices.

Histological atlases of the cerebral cortex, such as those made famous by Brodmann and von Economo, are invaluable for understanding human brain microstructure and its relationship with functional organization in the brain. However, these existing atlases are limited to small numbers of manually annotated samples from a single cerebral hemisphere, measured from 2D histological sections. We present the first whole-brain quantitative 3D laminar atlas of the human cerebral cortex. It was derived from a 3D histological atlas of the human brain at 20-micrometer isotropic resolution (BigBrain), using a convolutional neural network to segment, automatically, the cortical layers in both hemispheres. Our approach overcomes many of the historical challenges with measurement of histological thickness in 2D, and the resultant laminar atlas provides an unprecedented level of precision and detail. We utilized this BigBrain cortical atlas to test whether previously reported thickness gradients, as measured by MRI in sensory and motor processing cortices, were present in a histological atlas of cortical thickness and which cortical layers were contributing to these gradients. Cortical thickness increased across sensory processing hierarchies, primarily driven by layers III, V, and VI. In contrast, motor-frontal cortices showed the opposite pattern, with decreases in total and pyramidal layer thickness from motor to frontal association cortices. These findings illustrate how this laminar atlas will provide a link between single-neuron morphology, mesoscale cortical layering, macroscopic cortical thickness, and, ultimately, functional neuroanatomy

Differentiating amyloid beta spread in autosomal dominant and sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease

Amyloid-beta deposition is one of the hallmark pathologies in both sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease, the latter of which is caused by mutations in genes involved in amyloid-beta processing. Despite amyloid-beta deposition being a centrepiece to both sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease, some differences between these Alzheimer\u27s disease subtypes have been observed with respect to the spatial pattern of amyloid-beta. Previous work has shown that the spatial pattern of amyloid-beta in individuals spanning the sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease spectrum can be reproduced with high accuracy using an epidemic spreading model which simulates the diffusion of amyloid-beta across neuronal connections and is constrained by individual rates of amyloid-beta production and clearance. However, it has not been investigated whether amyloid-beta deposition in the rarer autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease can be modelled in the same way, and if so, how congruent the spreading patterns of amyloid-beta across sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease are. We leverage the epidemic spreading model as a data-driven approach to probe individual-level variation in the spreading patterns of amyloid-beta across three different large-scale imaging datasets (2 sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease, 1 autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease). We applied the epidemic spreading model separately to the Alzheimer\u27s Disease Neuroimaging initiative (n = 737), the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (n = 510) and the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer\u27s Network (n = 249), the latter two of which were processed using an identical pipeline. We assessed inter-and intra-individual model performance in each dataset separately and further identified the most likely subject-specific epicentre of amyloid-beta spread. Using epicentres defined in previous work in sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease, the epidemic spreading model provided moderate prediction of the regional pattern of amyloid-beta deposition across all three datasets. We further find that, whilst the most likely epicentre for most amyloid-beta-positive subjects overlaps with the default mode network, 13% of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease individuals were best characterized by a striatal origin of amyloid-beta spread. These subjects were also distinguished by being younger than autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease subjects with a default mode network amyloid-beta origin, despite having a similar estimated age of symptom onset. Together, our results suggest that most autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease patients express amyloid-beta spreading patterns similar to those of sporadic Alzheimer\u27s disease, but that there may be a subset of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u27s disease patients with a separate, striatal phenotype

Electrocardiographic changes in a rare case of flecainide poisoning: a case report

Flecainide is a class Ic anti - arrhythmic drug with sodium channel blocking activities. We report a case of a 57 year - old woman who attempted a suicide by ingesting approximately 1,8 gr of flecainide. On the surface electrocardiogram this results in a large QRS complex and in prolongation of the QTc interval. Overdose with a class Ic drug is very uncommon, its management is difficult and the mortality high