1,125 research outputs found

    A Sulfoxide Reagent for One-Pot, Three-Component Syntheses of Sulfoxides and Sulfinamides

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    Sulfoxides and sulfinamides represent versatile sulfur functional groups found in ligands, chiral auxiliaries, and bioactive molecules. Canonical two-component syntheses, however, rely on substrates with a preinstalled C-S bond and impede efficient and modular access to these sulfur motifs. Herein is presented the application of an easily prepared, bench-stable sulfoxide reagent for one-pot, three-component syntheses of sulfoxides and sulfinamides. The sulfoxide reagent donates the SO unit upon the reaction with a Grignard reagent (RMgX) as a sulfenate anion (RSO-). While subsequent trapping reactions of this key intermediate with carbon electrophiles provide sulfoxides, a range of tertiary, secondary, and primary sulfinamides can be prepared by substitution reactions with electrophilic amines. The syntheses of sulfinamide analogs of amide- and sulfonamide-containing drugs illustrate the utility of the method for the rapid preparation of medicinally relevant molecules

    Microbial metabolisms and calcification in freshwater biofilms

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    In dieser Arbeit wurden Biofilme zweier CO2-entgasender KarstwasserbĂ€che in Deutschland, welche in ihrem Verlauf flußabwĂ€rts hohe Kalziumkarbonat-ÜbersĂ€ttigungen erreichen, bezĂŒglich der mikrobiellen Effekte auf die CaCO3-FĂ€llung, Wasserchemie des Mikro- und Makromilieus, Stabile IsotopenverhĂ€ltnisse und Kalktuff-GefĂŒgebildung untersucht. In situ und ex situ Mikroelektroden-Messungen an kalzifizierenden Biofilmen, welche hauptsĂ€chlich von filamentösen Cyanobakterien aufgebaut werden, zeigen, daß unter Belichtung eine CaCO3-FĂ€llung durch Photosynthese induziert, unter Dunkelheit dagegen eine FĂ€llung verhindert wird. Eine Photosynthese-induzierte CaCO3-FĂ€llung wurde ebenso bestĂ€tigt durch 45Ca-Tracer-Experimente und Massenbilanzrechnungen. Die in den Kalktuff-Stromatolithen aufgezeichneten stabilen Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoff-Isotopenwerte ließen keinen Photosynthese-Effekt erkennen, trotz der offensichtlichen Photosynthese-induzierten FĂ€llung. Entsprechend kann das Fehlen einer 13C-Anreichungen in Karbonatmineralen nicht als Indikator fĂŒr ein Fehlen eines Photosynthese-Effektes auf eine KarbonatfĂ€llung gewertet werden Ebenso kann das Verkalkungsmuster von Cyanobakterien nicht zur Unterscheidung von Photosynthese-induzierter und physikochemisch induzierter CaCO3-FĂ€llung herangezogen werden. Insbesondere tritt in den photosynthetisch verkalkten Kalktuff-Biofilmen anstatt Polysaccharidscheiden-ImprĂ€gnation eine -Inkrustation auf, sprich ein Verkalkungsmuster, welches vormals als Indikator fĂŒr physikochemisch-erzwungene FĂ€llung angesehen wurde. Auch wenn Kalktuff-Stromatolithen durch Photosynthese-induzierte KalzitfĂ€llung gebildet werden, so zeigen doch Massenbilanzrechnungen, daß die Biofilmverkalkung fĂŒr nur etwa 10-20% des Ca2+-Entzuges im Bachwasser verantwortlich ist, wĂ€hrend der verbliebene Ca2+-Entzug mit physikochemischer FĂ€llung auf Ästen und BlĂ€ttern sowie in Form feinkörnige Kalzitpartikel erklĂ€rt werden muß. Entsprechend sind die Effekte einer Photosynthese-induzierten FĂ€llung verdĂŒnnt, und damit mit herkömmlichen Wasseranalysen kaum nachweisbar, außer bei GewĂ€ssern mit geringen Fließgeschwindigkeiten. Auf der anderen Seite können endolithische Cyanobakterien-Biofilme wie auch Moose aufgrund ihrer geringeren Photosynthese-Leistung keine KalkfĂ€llung induzieren, wie ex situ Mikroelektroden-Messungen belegen. Biofilm-freie Kalksubstrate fĂŒhren trotz hoher ÜbersĂ€ttigungen des Umgebungsmilieus zu keiner spontanen KalkfĂ€llung, wohingegen Kalktuffbiofilme unter denselben Bedingungen eine FĂ€llung induzieren. Dies zeigt, daß Photosynthese ein entscheidender Mechanismus zur Überwindung kinetischer Barrieren der CaCO3-FĂ€llung ist, sogar in hochgradig ĂŒbersĂ€ttigten Milieus. Modellrechnungen des Photosynthese-Effekts unter verschiedenen pH, DIC und Ca2+-Konzentrationen zeigen, daß die Voraussetzungen einer Photosynthese-induzierten KarbonatfĂ€llung (1) optimale pH-DIC-Bedingungen mit niedrigem DIC-Puffereffekt, (2) ausreichende initiale MineralsĂ€ttigungen, und (3) nicht extrem niedrige Ca2+-Konzentrationen sind. Außerdem können hohe IonenstĂ€rken eine Photosynthese-induzierte FĂ€llung beeintrĂ€chtigen oder verhindern. Sicherlich muß auch die Photosynthese-AktivitĂ€t der Biofilme fĂŒr eine Verschiebung des Karbonatgleichgewichtes auf oder in den Biofilmen hoch genug sein. Die meisten dieser Voraussetzungen lassen sich auch auf KarbonatfĂ€llungen ĂŒbertragen, welche durch andere Arten mikrobieller StoffwechselaktivitĂ€t wie Sulphatreduktion induziert werden. Die Schlußfolgerung ist daher, daß die oben genannten Voraussetzungen wichtige SchlĂŒssel fĂŒr das VerstĂ€ndnis der Bildung und generelle Verteilung karbonatischer Mikrobialithe durch die Erdgeschichte hindurch sind

    Information-transfer characteristics in network motifs

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    ăƒăƒƒăƒˆăƒŻăƒŒă‚Żăźäž‰è§’æ§‹é€ ăŒæ‹…ă†æƒ…ć ±äŒé”ăźćœčć‰Čă‚’è§Łæ˜Ž --æ•°ç†ăƒąăƒ‡ăƒ«ă‹ă‚‰ç”Ÿç‰©ăźæƒ…ć ±ć‡Šç†ăƒĄă‚«ăƒ‹ă‚șăƒ ă«èż«ă‚‹--. äșŹéƒœć€§ć­Šăƒ—ăƒŹă‚čăƒȘăƒȘăƒŒă‚č. 2023-01-30.Information processing in biological systems is realized by the appropriate transmission of information flows over complex networks, such as gene regulatory, signal transduction, and neural networks. These information flows are affected by the input-signal characteristics and structural properties of network systems, such as the network topology, regulation rules, and intrinsic and environmental noise. Many biological networks frequently include several typical patterns called network motifs, which are considered to play important roles in biological functions. However, their information-theoretic properties, particularly the dependence of the information flows in each network on the input signal, remain poorly understood. In our previous study [Mori and Okada, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 043432 (2020)], we developed a graphical expansion method to describe transfer entropy (TE), a measure of information flow, in Boolean networks in terms of multiple information pathways. There, the input signal was limited to a simple case, and the effect of the input-signal characteristics on TE was not clarified. In this paper, we improve our method to render it applicable to Boolean networks that receive input signals with arbitrary stochastic characteristics. Our formula expresses how TE is determined by the input-signal characteristics, the assignment of Boolean functions, and the noise magnitude. We find that, in both positive and negative feedback loops, TE hardly depends on the signal timescale. In contrast, coherent and incoherent feedforward loops show low- and high-pass filtering properties, respectively, for a time-varying signal, which is consistent with previous reports. The emergence of either low- or high-pass filtering is determined by the Fourier components of the Boolean functions on specific pathways transmitting information flows. Thus our formula reveals the mechanism of information transfer in network motifs and provides insights into the origin of information processing in biological networks

    Kinetics of motile solitons in fluid nematics

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    Solitary waves, dubbed "solitons", are special types of waves that propagate for an infinite distance under ideal conditions. These waves are ubiquitously found in nature such as typhoon or neuron signals. Yet, their artificial generation and the control of their propagation remain outstanding challenges in materials science owing to an insufficient understanding of the experimental conditions and theoretical aspects. Herein, a generic strategy for forming particle-like solitons and controlling their kinetics in nematic fluid media is reported. The key to the realisation of the generation of solitons and the control of their kinetics is the coupling between the fluid elasticity and the background flow flux, as evidenced by experimental observations and theoretical approaches. The findings of this study enable the exploration of solitons in a wide range of materials and have technological ramifications for the lossless transport of energy or structures.Comment: Manuscript 25 pages, 6 figures, Supplementary Information 23 pages, 13 figure

    Semantical-coordinate Terms Detection from Hierarchical Knowledge Using Web Snippets

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    AbstractIn this paper, we describe a method to detect semantical-coordinate terms. We often use semantical-coordinate terms as objects of comparative validation and examples for the given term, and then linguistic expressions and knowledge processing are enriched. Semantical-coordinate terms should be hyponyms of a same hypernym, and their usage and concepts should be similar. However hierarchical knowledge is useful to view concepts, hierarchically coordinate terms are sometimes inappropriate as semantical-coordinate terms for our suppositions, because some of them might have multiple hypernyms and general perceptions of the terms are not taken in the consideration. On the other hand, using only Web context to detect semantical-coordinate terms, concepts of the terms are not taken in the consideration while public perceptions and their usages might be incorporated. Therefore we propose hybrid method using both hierarchical knowledge and Web snippets. We conducted bench scale tests to detect semantical-coordinate terms of some terms and discuss about the results in this paper. Through the tests and discussions, we confirmed that the semantical-coordinate terms detected by our proposed method were not only hierarchically but also semantically and intuitively appropriate

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    In some economic analysesïŒŒă€€productivity ls estimated by input data defined by tangible resources such as labor and capital stocksïŒŽă€€For industrial growth howeverïŒŒă€€firms need not only tangible resources but also intangible ones   In the pharmaceutical industryïŒŒă€€research and developmentRDinvestment is acritical expenditure affecting future productivityïŒŽă€€The future return to RD investment is generated by future inventionsin other wordsïŒŒă€€present RD investment provides the source of new technology and new productsïŒŽă€€In addition new products and new technologies require accumulation of the results of RD investmentïŒŽă€€That is the intangible asset called knowledge capital stock   In this paperïŒŒă€€I estimate marginal capital productivity from the view of intan・ gible capital stocksïŒŽă€€I found that the marginal capital productivity of both tangible capital and knowledge capital have been falling steadily over a number of yearsïŒŽç ”ç©¶ăƒŽăƒŒăƒˆ(Note
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